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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: TRANSCRIPTION CONVENTIONS
Timing
∙
Indicates a very short pause
∙ ∙
Indicates a pause shorter than 0.5 second
∙ ∙ ∙
Indicates a pause shorter than 1 second
((3_s))
Indicates a pause of 3 seconds
Tone
H
Rising tone
Hm
Falling tone
Hm
Rising-falling tone
Hm
Falling-rising tone
Hm
Steady tone
Delivery
’
Indicates a continuing utterance with slight upward or
downward contour that may or may not occur at the end
of a turn constructional unit
.
Indicates an end of an utterance
?
Rising vocal pitch or intonational contour at the
conclusion of an utterance
!
Indicates the conclusion of an utterance delivered with
emphatic tone
-
Indicates a repair in the speaker’s utterances
Other
(( ))
The text in-between the double parentheses indicate the
non-verbal speech action of the speaker
((unint.))
Indicates an unintelligible utterance
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