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linguistic applicability of the English metaphors identified by Hines
concerning the view of women as objects in French and Italian: are women
who are viewed as objects of desire trivialized and discriminated against in
similar lexico -grammatical ways in these languages as they are in English?
(II) to better assess the ideological import of the metaphors that apply to
women by comparing them to derogatory or trivializing metaphors, if any,
(a) equally applying to both women and men (considered sexually), and (b)
reserved for men (considered sexually). Are the cross - domain mappings
that allow one to metaphorize desired women as small or immature animals
(consider, e.g., kitty, filly) also available to talk to or about desired men? 3.
Data collection Hines (1996a, 1996b, 1999 and 2000) collected her data for
the analysis of metaphors about women on the basis of a rigorous
methodology, which allowed her to identify central terms (mono -lexemic,
multiply cited, and with both a metaphorical and a non-metaphorical sense).
Some people make a distinction between a dead metaphor whose origin most
speakers are entirely unaware of (such as “to understand” meaning to stand
underneath a concept), and a dormant metaphor, whose metaphorical
character people are aware of but rarely think about (such as “to break the
ice”). Others, however, use the latter as a way of describing metaphorical
cliché. So a dead metaphor is a metaphor that through overuse has lost
figurative value. Other examples of dead metaphors are:“run out of time“.“
foot of a hill.” “branches of government.” An active metaphor is one which,
by contrast, is not part of daily language and is noticeable as a metaphor.
Example: “You are my sun.” A synecdochic metaphor is one in which a
small part of something is chosen to represent the whole in order to highlight
certain elements of the whole. For example “a pair of ragged claws”
represents a crab in Eliots Love Song. Describing the crab in this way gives
it the attributes of sharpness and savagery normally associated with claws. A
compound metaphor is one that catches the mind with several points of
similarity. Example: “He has the wild stag's foot.” This phrase suggests
grace and speed as well as daring. An implicit metaphor is one in which the
tenor is not specified but implied. A submerged metaphor is one in which the
vehicle is implied, or indicated by one aspect. Example: “my winged
thought”. Here, the audience must supply the image of the bird. A root
metaphor is the underlying worldview that shapes an individual's
understanding of situation. A root metaphor is different from the previous
types of metaphor in that it is not necessarily an explicit device in language,
but a fundamental, often unconscious assumption. Religion provides one
common source of root metaphors, since birth, marriage, death and other
universal life experiences can convey a very different meaning to different
people, based on their level or type of religious conditioning. For example,
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some religions see life as a single arrow pointing toward a future endpoint.
Others see it as part of an endlessly repeating cycle. A
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is an underlying association that is systematic in both language and thought.
For ex. in the Dylan Thomas poem “Do Not Go Gentle into That Good
Night,” the conceptual metaphor of “A Lifetime Is a Day” is repeatedly
expressed and extended throughout the poem. Similar to root metaphors,
conceptual metaphors are not only expressed in words, but are also habitual
modes of thinking underlying many related metaphoric expressions. A dying
metaphor. In his essay Politics and English language. , George Orwell calls
a dying metaphor one that has been worn out and is used because it saves
people the trouble of developing original language to express an idea. In
short, such metaphors are becoming clichés. Example: “Achilles hills.
Difference Between Metaphor and Idiom. The Cambridge dictionary offers
this definition of idiom: “A group of words whose meaning considered as a
unit is different from the meanings of each word considered separately.”And
this definition of metaphor: “An expression that describes a person or object
by referring to something that is considered to possess similar
characteristics.”Very often, an idiom has no association to metaphor, being
simply a phrase that becomes adopted by language as if it were a single
word. These idioms are not usually confused with metaphor, though there
are times when an idiom is also a metaphor.
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