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145
Iran And Armenia Factor
In Azerbaijan’s National Security
Prof. Dr. Haydar Çakmak
Gazi University, Department of International Relations –
Ankara
Since the birth of states, one of their main principles
has been to preserve their integrity and freedom. Countries
that manage to survive and become a proud member of
international community accumulate a larger number of
material and nonmaterial values and strive for protecting
them. Underground and aboveground wealth that a country
originally owns as well as technological, industrial and
architectural wealth that it creates in the course of time is
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considered as material values. It must also protect
nonmaterial values that are both inherited and created by
people such as works of art and cultural assets. While some
countries are lucky due to their geographical location and
neighbors, some are not. Azerbaijan, the country in
discussion, is lucky in terms of its geopolitics, geography
and natural riches while it is unlucky in terms of its
neighbors. It is also not considered very lucky in terms of
negative heritage concerning its security and territorial
integrity. The most threatening security issue is land and
ethnic controversy that are considered as inheritance. These
two serious problems may occur in countries founded after
empires but in some occasions countries face problems
generated by other regions and neighbors that have them. A
country can sustain itself it is strong enough or in alliance to
respond to these challenges and prevent potential damage.
However if not so, it must face serious risks and problems in
order to overcome these problems at some point in history.
Azerbaijan does not have much experience for self-
governance and reflexes of taking autonomous decisions. By
location, it is surrounded by countries that are not very
friendly. These countries are not only unfriendly but also
support anti-Azerbaijan causes and other unfriendly nations.
Except for two years (1918-1920), it was under Russian rule
between 1828 and 1991. Russians managed borders of
Azerbaijan and its cultural ethnicities to their own benefit.
They aimed to make Azerbaijan dependent on Russia and
cause permanent problems for it to deal with. Azerbaijani
elite, senior staff and intelligentsia have been oppressed by
Russians and they were not given governmental mandate.
The elite and the educated were not given the opportunity to
rule, discuss national issue and take decisions for the benefit
of the nation. After the collapse of the Soviet Union,
Azerbaijan had to face several problems including border
controversies and ethnic and economic challenges. The most
challenging problems came right after it gained sovereignty.
These included the status of Caspian on the eastern border,
land (Karabakh) dispute with Armenians on the western
border, potential ethnic disputes with Georgia due to
numerous Azerbaijani Turks living there, ethnic and terror
problems with Russia in the North, potential ethnic and
religious radicalism with Iran in the South. Turkey seems to
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be the only country that it is not having problems with.
Azerbaijan can overcome its problems due to its military and
economic power, technological level as well as its
population quality. However, the countries which it has
issues with get stronger by alliance while it has to deal with
them by itself. In other words, problematic countries
demonstrate an unprecedented alliance against Azerbaijan.
Thus Azerbaijan is confronted with a challenge against
many different countries simultaneously. For example, it is
faced by Russia and Iran during its dispute against Armenia.
It makes it more difficult for Azerbaijan to defend itself.
Armenia is a country with no borders to seas, no
riches both underground and aboveground, no touristic
appeal or potential, no industry or technology, with limited
production and foreign-dependent. Armenia is three times
smaller than Azerbaijan in terms of population, surface area,
gross national product and military power. It is a little
strange that such an inefficient and weak country could
invade land from a country that is three times bigger than
itself and keep it for the last 25 years. It is just unusual.
What needs to be done in this case is that Azerbaijan should
come to terms with Russian Federation which supports and
mentors Armenia. However, the real problem here seems to
be Russia’s reluctance to come up with a solution. For
example, even though Armenian government agrees to give
back Azerbaijan’s land, Russia would not allow it. In fact, as
soon as the problem is solved, both Azerbaijan and Armenia
will join the western bloc. Hence Russia feeds on this
problem. Not solving the problem enables Russia to keep
both countries under control and exploit them. Russia adopts
this policy in Georgia and Moldovia as well. It is because
Russia is not an appealing country compared to its western
counterparts and it has got not much to offer to its allies.
When left alone, it is obvious that these countries will join
the western bloc. The West possess modern values such as
wealth, freedom, democracy, respect for human rights and
rule of law. It will take a long time until these modern values
enter Russian political and governing life. The dispute
between Azerbaijan and Armenia is a crucial problem that
needs to be solved for Azerbaijan’s wellbeing. Hence
Azerbaijan needs to find another method as a solution,
otherwise it will take a long time. In fact, Russia does not
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