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desert population to new circumstances and conditions
that were not familiar to them.
However, prompted by its desire to secure social peace,
the government took it upon itself to look after this part of
the population by providing jobs for them, giving them aid
and long-term loans, performing charity works, and, last
but not least, preserving the system of the former ideology
and moral and behavioral rules, as well as the applicable
and safeguarded traditions. There are still present and
actively operating islands of the cells of the bedouin
pattern and tribal way of life in the southern and eastern
parts of the Kingdom. The state, however, has sought to
provide them with all living facilities and to improve their
life and that of their families, wherever they may be.
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Riyadh, the Capital of the Kingdom
Since time immemorial, the rise of any settlements
has been inextricably linked with economic - geographic
factors. In view of the inclement climate of the territory
of the Kingdom, as well as the basic stock of its citizens,
we find that such settlements were not many. The number
of cities and large settlements can today be counted
on one’s fingers. The basic residential locations were,
naturally enough, concentrated along the shores of the
Red Sea, and the Arabian Gulf ( which is internationally
known as the “Persian Gulf). The two Holy cities that are
visited by pilgrims from all over the world are a special
case. As regards the new industrial establishments, these
have sprung during the oil period, in the locations of
concentration of the black gold reserves.
The current capital of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
Riyadh, the only big city in the heart of the Arabian
Peninsula, has risen and grown at the site of an old small
settlement, whose natural wealth was the type of fertile
soil that is suitable for agriculture, which was enriched
by the muddy and silt stream water as well as the shallow
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underground water that gave life to plants at that location.
Hence, the name “Riyadh” (the plural of “rawdhah” in
Arabic, which signifies a beautiful garden). Moreover, the
City has constituted a strategic location along the route
between the two sea coasts of the Peninsula. Thus, whoever
controls Riyadh can dominate the whole of Najd. Hence,
the recurrent conflict over this city in the past centuries.
During two different eras of its history, Riyadh twice
became the capital of the Saudis, and for the third time in
1932, when King Abdulaziz annexed Najd and the Hijaz
Kingdom to form a unified Kingdom, the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia. At the time, the area of the city was only
four square kilometers, and its population numbered three
thousand. During more than two decades, it developed at
tortoise speed. But since the extraction of oil, this basic
settlement - which was surrounded by a mud wall, with
four guarding towers and gates that were opened in the
morning and closed in the evening – was transformed into
one of the ultra-modern cities in the world, with an area
of 1,600 square kilometers and a population of 4 million.
Today, it is a planned city with a network of modern
highways. It is also surrounded by a multi-lane circle
of wide routes which look on the map like intersecting
knitting. The city is developing at amazing rates.
Our chauffeur, who had arrived in the Kingdom seeking
a job in the early eighties of the last century, remembers
that the residential districts in Riyadh were confined to
its borders. As to the remaining constructions in the
modern capital, it is difficult to imagine that they were a
barren desert deprived of any green color, where packs of
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homeless dogs used to bark. There were no asphalted roads,
no sewage and no water system. Hence, it was possible to
own land at unbelievably low prices (today, I believe the
price has risen fivefold). Our driver had lived in the only
high building at the time, which comprised four storeys
and belonged to one of the first American oil companies.
It was surrounded by a few mud constructions not far
from a large place which was later paved with concrete
slabs. It is now confined between ultra-modern buildings
at a major street in the city by he name of “Olaya”, which
shines under the rays of the sun and reflects bright marble
and the colored glass of the high buildings of the trade
centers and companies. At night, it reflects the colors of
the mobile shining advertisements.
As to the mud buildings, these have disappeared
almost everywhere from the present city, which seems
to swallow such buildings one after the other. In their
place, there rise luxurious buildings made of stone and
glass. Unfortunately, some of the old ones represented
real treasures of the native architecture of the Arabian
Peninsula. It is fortunate, however, that the old part of
the city has preserved the narrow alleys, and the amazing
maze of the old market and the one-storey traditional mud
buildings. Parts of the old citadel were rebuilt together
with the gates and the Justice Palace. The mosque of
Imam Turkee bin Abdullah was rebuilt and its large front
was inlaid with natural local stones. The Masmak Citadel,
which had been built in 1865, was obviously repaired, if
you remember the history of the events of the Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia. Part of it has now been converted into
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