[32]
Chart 6. Investments to agriculture in Azerbaijan.
Agricultural lending requires dedicated practical and theoretical knowledge.
The number of loan officers in credit institutions involved in agri-lending either
dramatically fall behind those in other sectors, or they are nowhere in evidence.
Also credit institutions avoid to allocate funds to agriculture without collateral.
Currently, credit institutions take real estate, in some instances agricultural
machinery from farmers as collateral. Wider scope of encumbrance of movable
property will help farmers dramatically. Hence, farmers will be able to pledge
cattle and small ruminants they own as collateral. It requires efforts by the state to
launch a register allowing to identify available cattle in state farms. Relevant
practical measures are already under way in Azerbaijan. A decree on improvement
of agri-management and acceleration of institutional reforms was signed on 16
April 2016
51
. The decree tasked the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of
Azerbaijan to launch a system for identification and registration of livestock in an
effort to create a reliable database on the current situation in cattle breeding.
We investigated the market to identify relevant ‘dead capital’. The number
of available livestock widely used in the country agriculture, as well as their prices
51
http://president.az/articles/11447
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
800.0
900.0
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
546.2
733.3
847.3
508.1
441.3
4.5
4.8
4.6
2.3
2.7
Investments to agriculture, mln.AZN
% in overall investments
[33]
are indicated in the below table according to statistic data of 2016
52
. Considering
that prices for livestock in the domestic market are volatile due to a number of
factors (seasonal, climate etc.), to simplify calculations, the price for each type of
livestock is indicated with its imported customs price for 2016:
№
Livestock
#
Price
Import price,
$
Final amount,
$
1.
Sheep
8,025,600
43.2
346,705,920
2.
Cow
1,187,600
3,008.4
3,572,775,840
3.
Goat
651,500
120.1
78,245,150
4.
Buffalo
115,400
652.5
75,298,500
Total:
9,980,100
-
4,073,025,410
Table 8. Livestock statistics and their market prices in Azerbaijan in 2016.
Realization of planned actions will result in higher agri-financing meanwhile
expanding the spectrum of financial services for agricultural subjects. Agri-lending
will be accompanied with a number of risks, necessitating active introduction and
development of agri-insurance to minimize them.
Evidence from development of the credit reporting system
As previously noted, as a financial infrastructure element credit reporting
systems are critical in deepening financial inclusion. In this context, we should
differentiate contrasts between public credit registries and credit bureaus, as well
as their roles in the development of credit reporting. In practice, being under state
control credit registries are subordinated to financial markets supervisory
authorities. Having limited coverage credit registries supply consumers with
narrow-spectrum services (mostly only credit reports). Available data in credit
registries are usually used to identify tendencies and risks in the sector and take
actions to mitigate the latter within offsite supervision.
Credit bureaus differ from credit registries dramatically due to wider
coverage and services ‘basket’. They are able to collect information not only from
52
Widely used means over 100,000 heads of livestock.
[34]
credit institutions, the participant of the sector, but also from retail trade outlets and
utilities, mobile operators, leasing companies, even customs and law-enforcement
agencies. At that, borrower discipline can be evaluated in-depth on meeting his/her
obligations. The following table illustrates credit bureaus’ alternative data sources
on the basis of findings of ACCIS 2015 Survey (ACCIS represents 44 credit
reference agencies across 28 European countries)
53
:
Data suppliers
# of
countries
Leasing companies
17
Retail trade outlets selling on hire purchase
14
Credit unions
11
Debt collectors
11
Courts
10
Telecommunication companies
6
Television suppliers (cable/satellite TV)
6
Internet providers
6
Utility service providers
5
Home rental companies
3
Tax authorities
3
Police
2
Table 9. Alternate data suppliers of credit brueaus in Europe.
Overall, the key goal of both credit reporting components is to obtain
information on borrowers’ creditability, promote borrower discipline and
borrowing reputation, and minimize credit risks in the sector. In general, as an
example, the above components can be measured through the share of NPLs in
gross loans. In this context, we will strive to determine the link between
availability of both credit reporting components and the share of NPLs in the
economy. To that end, in the first instance, let us determine the correlation between
the credit bureaus coverage and credit registries and the share of NPLs in the
economy on recent 5 years based upon the Doing Business report as exemplified
by the Azerbaijani economy:
53
http://www.accis.eu/fileadmin/filestore/position_papers/REPORT_ACCIS_2015_SURVEY_OF_MEMBERS_FIN
AL_30112015_compressed.pdf
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