[38]
expansion of cashless operations. According to 2016 statistics
58
, AZN 1,29 billion
(~$757 million
59
) worth of operations were conducted with 5,3 million payment
cards in circulation in Azerbaijan, out of which 78% (AZN 1,01 billion) account
for cash withdrawals from ATMs, while 6% (AZN 78 million) cash withdrawals
from POS-terminals.
Another statistic indicator worth attention is the ratio of M0 aggregate (cash
outside banks) to GDP. As of end-2016 M0 aggregate amounted to AZN 6,376.9
60
million in Azerbaijan (10.5% of GDP (AZN 60,393.6 mln
61
) for the same period).
It should be emphasized that the banking sector of the country loses AZN
350,729,500
62
worth of funds from the relevant amount of cash being outside the
banking circulation (about 0.06% of GDP).
This indicator varies across regions – 8.5% in the Russian Federation, 3% in
Kazakhstan, and 5% in Turkey. In general, this indicator was as in the following
chart over leading economic zones of the world from 2010 to 2014:
58
https://www.cbar.az/assets/3599/Bulleten-2017_mart.pdf
59
On the basis of the official exchange rate as at 01 August 2017
(1 $ = 1.7009 AZN)
60
https://www.cbar.az/assets/4267/STATISTIK_BULLETEN_2016_DEKABR.pdf
61
Source:The State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan
62
M0 money aggregate (6,376.9) x 5.55% (interest spread between average interest rates of deposits and average
interest rates of loans as of early 2017 (12.05-6.50=5.55%))
3.0
2.7
2.6
2.3
2.1
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
6.6
6.9
7.2
7.5
7.7
9.1
9.3
9.5
9.9
10.3
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
%
Sweden
The UK
US
Eurozone
[39]
Chart 10. Cash to GDP percentage across advanced economies
63
.
Sweden leads the race in cashless settlements with high penetration of
plastic cards to the market, modern payment infrastructure, and other cashless
settlements related initiatives (Chart 10). This indicator is expeceted to hit 0.5% by
2020
64
.
Azerbaijan stepped forward in elevating cashless circulation with the
adoption of the Law on Cashless Settlements of the Republic of Azerbaijan in
2016. The Law requires cashless payment of taxes, customs duties and collections,
administrative fines and penalties specified in the legislation, financial sanctions
and interests, debts on lease operations and issue of loans, along with payment of
tuition fees and payments to travel agents in a cashless order mandatorily. The Law
stimulates the development of the banking system, yet some challenges are being
faced in its enforcement from a practical standpoint. The cash payment culture of
so many years is unlikely to be radically replaced with a cashless society without
pain. Currently, most payments, from payments for smallest consumer needs of the
population to most large-value transactions, are made in cash. Although we can
mention only sale and purchase of houses as exceptions (seller places funds to the
notary’s account with later transfer of the amount to buyer’s bank account after the
contract is approved) in the context of large-value transactions, even so the process
is finalized with encashment in most cases. We consider that, active application of
POS terminals in trade outlets may contribute to cashless circulation. Naturally, the
process includes installation of POS terminals and overall improvement of
acquiring infrastructrue alike. According to indicators of 2016, POS terminals were
numbering 71,806 in the country: 98.8% of which was installed in retail trade
outlets, caterings and other service entites. The same period statistics shows that
average monthly number of transactions per POS-terminal was 16.2 (AZN
63
Source:
https://www.worldpaymentsreport.com/
64
https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jun/04/sweden-cashless-society-cards-phone-apps-leading-europe
[40]
1,922.1)
65
. In simple terms, only 16 out of 100 customers of one shop made
cashless payment last year.
In the first instance it is critical to overcome mental barriers, as stated above,
to attract cash outside banks to circulation, and motivate cashless payments, which
requires active literacy events. Any cashless payment user always worries about
safety and security, data confidentiality and other parameters. Also anonymity, and
lack of any commissioning fees still make cash payments attractive for users.
On the other hand, the number of issued plastic cards needs to be increased.
In this context, we should take into account that banks generate fee and commision
income from transactions customers make through plastic cards they issue. As the
issue of cards and other associated processes require expenses (in most cases banks
order cards from outsider processing centers), banks set fees on card sales, and
establish limit on funds to be debited to the card account. We consider that, it is
advisable for card issuers to hold various promo actions and campaigns to
stimulate card payments. Also, accrual of certain premium interest on the
outstanding amount in the card account by banks may stimulate card holders to
keep their funds cashless. For instance, the Russian Tinkoff bank sets 0% for up to
3,000 rouble cash withdrawals on debit cards, offers up to 30% cash-back in rouble
and accrues 7% per annum premium to the balance on the account
66
. With the
Turkish Garanti bank’s Bonus program cardholders earn bonuses for transactions
they make throughout the world
67
.
Conclusion
Financial inclusion is a set of processes that includes access to, usage of and
quality requirements on financial resources and services. High financial inclusion
directly depends on the country’s sustainable financial insfrastructure – the secured
transactions mechanism, credit data sharing systems, and payment systems are
critical in expansion of the financial infrastructure, and easy access of SMEs and
other economic agents to finance. The secured transactions mechanism manifests
65
Source: The Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan
66
https://www.tinkoff.ru/cards/debit-cards/
67
https://www.garanti.com.tr/
[41]
itself mainly in availability of a normative – legal frame allowing the encumbrance
of movable property and its application in the moveable property register as a
mechanism of enforcement. The analyses proved that in the institutional business
environment that enabled encumbrance of movable property enterprises had higher
access to bank loans. A legislative environment is already in place in our country.
Our understanding is that encumbrance of movable property may considerably
contribute to agriculture finance, since ‘dead capital’ accounts for a huge share in
the above sector.
Credit data sharing, in other words credit reporting systems, are essential in
maintaining borrowing reputation, boosting borrowers’ financial discipline and
indirectly in minimizing credit risks in the sector. Credit reporting systems include
two forms – public credit registries and private credit bureaus. Our research on
selected economies identified that ‘data abundance’ – the fruit of wider coverage
of credit registries and bureaus, i.e. diverse data delivery by various data suppliers
– is disproportionate to the share of NPLs in gross loans in the sector.
One of the most vital challenges faced by the payments infrastructure in the
contemporary world is to decrease the share of cash payments in total payment
transactions. The issue is pertinent both for developed and developing economies
and reformative actions are being taken to solve it. First and foremost, consumers’s
thinking should change to boost the cashless society. Cash and its use has always
been attractive for a consumer on certain parameters, e.g. confidentiality and no
commission fees. Increasing dynamics of cash in the hands of consumers leaves its
mark on the economy. Thus, cash in circulation outside the banking system both
deprives banks of income and slows down their development to some extent.
Plastic card issuers (banks and other companies) need to launch incentive
campaigns and reduce tariffs to stimulate a cashless society.
[42]
Annexes
Table 1. Global Findex indicators based financial inclusion in Azerbaijan.
Indicators
Years
2011
2014
Use of bank accounts
% of adults with a bank account
14,9
29,2
Purpose of accounts, including:
business
4,0
4,0
tuition
0,6
0,6
pay for utilities
1,6
1,6
Frequency of transactions, including:
withdrawals
n/a
87,9
deposits
n/a
84,7
Mode of access, including:
ATM per 100,000 adults
29,7
31,1
Branch per 100,000 adults
9,9
9,6
POS terminals per 100,000 adults
n/a
112,1
Savings
% of adults who saved within the past 12 months using a formal
financial institution
1,6
5,3
% of adults who saved within the past 12 months using an
informal savings club or a person outside the family
0,6
1,6
% of adults who otherwise saved (e.g. in their home) within the
past 12 months
n/a
39,5
Borrowing
% of adults who borrowed within the past 12 months from a
formal financial institution
17,7
18,9
% of adults who borrowed within the past 12 months from
informal sources (including family and friends)
26,9
33,3
% of adults with an outstanding loan to purchase home or an
apartment
0,3
0,3
Payments
% of adults who used a formal account to receive funds, including:
government payments
12,6
12,6
wages
2,5
2,5
[43]
Indicators
Years
2011
2014
% of adults who used a mobile phone to maintain transactions within the past 12
months, including:
pay utility bills
0,1
0,1
send money
0,1
0,1
receive money
0
0
% of adults who used a formal account to receive or send money to family members
living elsewhere within the past 12 months:
senders
0,2
0,2
receivers
0,6
0,6
Insurance
% of adults who personally purchased private health insurance
1,1
1,1
% of adults who work in farming, forestry, or fishing and
personally paid for agri-insurance
n/a
n/a
[44]
Table 2. IMF indicators based financial inclusion in Azerbaijan.
Indicators
Years
2013
2014
2015
Access to finance
Number of branches of commercial banks per 1,000
sq.km
8.99
9.64
9.59
Number of branches of commercial banks per 100,000
adults
10.13
10.72
10.52
Number of ATMs per 1,000 sq.km
29.30
31.55
32.59
Number of ATMs per 100,000 adults
33.01
35.08
35.75
Use of finance
Number of borrowers of commercial banks per 1,000
adults
235.71 288.20
n/a
% of outstanding loans with commercial banks in GDP 25.98
30.55
38.94
Number of depositors of commercial banks per 1,000
adults
1,226.5 1,881.2 2,153.5
% of deposits with commercial banks in GDP
15.97
18.91
31.41
[45]
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[46]
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