Revision, Clinical Modi
fication) or procedure code for a lower
extremity amputation.
RESULTS
The study population comprised 624 service members who
were treated at the CFI and prescribed an IDEO between 2009
and 2014. The demographics of the population are documented
in Table I. The majority of the service members were equally
divided above and below 30 years of age (50.2%), male
(91.8%), married (66.3%), and white (70.3%). In comparison
with the overall Armed Services,
2
this sample is slightly older,
more likely to be male and married but similar in race/ethnicity.
The study cohort predominately consisted of Army (67.8%) ser-
vice members, followed by the Marine Corps (15.5%). This is
consistent with the U.S. military population.
2
The majority of
the population had a length of service between 6 and 10 years
(27.4%), closely followed by 11 to 20 years (27.1%).
The description and distribution of the referring injury diag-
noses are outlined in Table II. Of the 624 service members
prescribed an IDEO, 533 (85.4%) had a clear presenting diag-
nosis documented in the medical record and of these, 38 (7.1%)
had a bilateral diagnosis. The most common injury category that
received an IDEO prescription was of injuries at or surrounding
the ankle joint (25.0%), followed by tibia injuries (17.5%) and
nerve injuries below the knee (16.4%).
Less than 20% (n = 121) of the study sample underwent a
delayed amputation during the study period. Figure 1 displays
the percentage of service members prescribed an IDEO in each
injury diagnosis category who later underwent delayed amputa-
tion of the injured extremity. Service members with diagnoses
in the categories of midfoot/forefoot injuries (28.6%), soft tissue
injuries (27.3%), and hindfoot injuries (26.6%) experienced the
highest proportion of amputation after IDEO prescription.
Those with ankle joint injuries (13.7%) and nerve injuries
below the knee (14.3%) demonstrated the lowest rates of ampu-
tation. The majority of the delayed amputations (n = 64
[53.8%]) occurred within 3 months after referral for an IDEO
with 84% occurring within the
first year.
DISCUSSION
After over a decade of military con
flicts in Iraq and Afghanistan
and improvements in combat casualty care and body armor, the
focus of care of the wounded service member is shifting from
acute care to improving the quality of life for those with long-
term disability.
14
To adequately care for all injured service mem-
bers, a careful evaluation of current rehabilitative treatments is
necessary. This study provides information on the demographics,
injury pro
file, and delayed amputation rates of service members
who have been prescribed an IDEO at the CFI after severe LEI.
It is an important step toward identifying which injuries are most
appropriately treated by this type of lower extremity bracing.
When examining the IDEO prescription patterns, an injury
involving the ankle joint, including pilon fractures, ankle fusions,
and PTOA, was the most frequently reported primary diagnosis
(25%), followed by injury to the tibia (17%) and a nerve injury
below the knee (16%). Considering nearly 58% of the injuries
were at or could in
fluence the functioning of the ankle joint, these
groupings are consistent with the mechanism of action of the
IDEO, which is designed to provide support as well as energy stor-
age for the ankle joint during gait and other high-level activities.
11
Less than 20% of the study sample underwent an amputation
during the study period. In a prospective observational study of
IDEO users completing the RTR clinical pathway, 82% of
patients who were initially considering amputation at the start
of the program favored limb salvage after receiving an IDEO
and completing the RTR program.
12
When examining the indi-
vidual diagnostic categories of the present study, 29% of
midfoot/forefoot injuries, 27% of soft tissue injuries, and 27%
of hindfoot injuries required eventual amputations, whereas the
lowest rates of amputation were of nerve injuries below the
knee (14%) as well as injuries of ankle (14%). These results are
consistent with the categories in published disability data fol-
lowing combat-related injuries.
15
With the high prevalence of battle and nonbattle-related seri-
ous extremity injuries in our service members,
4
–6
it is important
to examine the ef
ficacy of treatment modalities for rehabilitative
care. This descriptive study is a
first step in identifying injured
patients who may bene
fit the most from an IDEO prescription
in terms of both rehabilitation and reducing the likelihood of
amputation. Further research is necessary to fully understand
this pro
file. Once an injury profile is identified, injured service
members can bene
fit from having an IDEO prescribed earlier in
the rehabilitative process and thus facilitate a more timely
recovery of function. In addition, by understanding who will
bene
fit most from an IDEO, resources that are currently allo-
cated for the unnecessary use of the IDEO could be redirected
TABLE II.
Referring Injury Diagnosis Categories, N = 533
Injury Type
Description
n (%)
Ankle
Pilon fractures, PTOA, fusion
139 (25.0)
Tibia
Fractures, excludes pilon fractures
96 (17.5)
Nerve injury;
below knee
Functional deficit below knee
91 (16.4)
Hindfoot
PTOA, fusion
79 (14.2)
Soft tissue
Compartment syndrome,
Achilles tendon injuries,
quadriceps injuries
33 (5.9)
Midfoot/Forefoot
Foot pain, forefoot/midfoot PTOA,
toe amputation
21 (3.8)
Other
Osteomyelitis, late effects of fracture,
nerve injury above knee
93 (17.4)
PTOA, post-traumatic osteoarthritis.
FIGURE 1.
Proportion of amputations by diagnostic category.
MILITARY MEDICINE, Vol. 181, November/December Supplement 2016
79
Descriptive Characteristics and Amputation Rates With Use of IDEO
for other treatment options. This injury pro
file should not take
the place of clinical decision-making but rather enhance the cur-
rent knowledge base and help to inform both clinicians and ser-
vice members as decisions on care are made.
One of the limitations of this study is the potential for selec-
tion bias since the study sample was one of convenience and
included only service members who were prescribed an IDEO
at the CFI. In addition, a clear presenting diagnosis was docu-
mented in only 85% of the total study sample and acute diagno-
ses, side of injury, or mechanism of injury (including combat or
noncombat) was not available for the majority of the sample.
Since the side of injury is unknown, it is possible that the lower
extremity with an amputation was opposite to the lower extrem-
ity with the IDEO prescription. The amputation rate would be
an overestimation if this occurred. Although a functional bene
fit
to the use of the IDEO compared to other AFOs has been dem-
onstrated,
11
the number of patients who bene
fited from the
IDEO from a functional rehabilitation standpoint is unknown.
This study reports IDEO prescription but cannot determine the
extent to which the treatment may have been ef
ficacious. In addi-
tion, the current study suffers from some small sample sizes in the
diagnostic groups. Although the midfoot/forefoot had the highest
proportion of amputations, one or two individuals having an
amputation in another diagnostic group could shift that percentage
signi
ficantly. It will be beneficial for future studies to estimate
the weighted amputation probability for each diagnosis group.
Although a presenting diagnosis was not available for the
entire study sample, a quali
fied clinician from the armed forces
validated a random 10% of the referral diagnosis with electronic
military medical record system. The validation process provided
data quality assurance to the diagnostic category data element,
which was a key component of the analysis. A strength of the
study was that multiple datasets were able to be merged to
include primary data and secondary data. The primary dataset
identi
fied the study sample and presenting diagnosis whereas
secondary datasets provided access to a large volume of medi-
cal data for validation and augmentation of primary data.
This is the
first study to comprehensively examine the demo-
graphics, referral diagnoses, and amputation outcomes of a sam-
ple of service members prescribed the IDEO to facilitate function
of an injured lower extremity. The majority of the service mem-
bers had a presenting diagnosis at or near the ankle, and can
potentially bene
fit from an AFO designed to support the joint and
augment some of the lost ankle function. Twenty percent of the
sample underwent eventual amputation during the year follow-
ing initial IDEO prescription. This study is a
first step in catego-
rizing primary injuries that may bene
fit from IDEO prescription
and determining which injuries undergo delayed amputation at
higher rates. Longitudinal tracking of IDEO users and identi
fi-
cation of functional outcomes will provide additional information
on the ef
ficacy of this device for rehabilitation after an LEI.
APPENDIX A
ICD-9 Codes for Amputations
89600
89620
89700
89610
89630
89710
89720
89760
V4975
89730
89770
V4976
89740
V4973
V4977
89750
V4974
APPENDIX B
Procedure Codes for Amputation
8410
8414
8417
8446
8412
8415
8440
8447
8413
8416
8445
8448
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MILITARY MEDICINE, Vol. 181, November/December Supplement 2016
80
Descriptive Characteristics and Amputation Rates With Use of IDEO
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