97
science of maximally abstract concepts, and does not touch upon the questions of
the institutionalization of scientific institutions. Therefore, here and further I will
try to 1) link the issue of the development of the basic forms of European
scientific institutions with the problem of institutionalizing elites, which Oleg
Grigoriev said in 14 lectures (from the basic course that he had reinforced in
Shaninka).
Through this connection, 2) move on to the theme of the new European
technology that originates in the problems of applied mechanics, which
constitutes the neoconomics hypothesis, denoting the unity of science and
technology in the well-known abbreviation of NTP (Nauchno-Tehnicheskiy
Progress), which is in many ways unique for European culture; In the framework
of this review, it is clear why it is applied mechanics that is the area of basic
technological issues, and not, for example, the technical practices of chemistry
and biochemistry that existed long before the New Time, or the practice of
studying and using electromagnetic phenomena that anticipated the Second
Industrial Revolution.
And already from the topic of applied mechanics I will try to pass to 3) the
promised in the mentioned document consideration of the possibilities of
speaking, capable, in my opinion, of not only presenting problems of applied
mechanics, but also solving a number of problems of human presence in the
world. Such speaking is considered possible on the way of clarifying the ways of
forming subject-technological sets and understanding the consequences for non -
onomy from such a difference. On the other hand, in the previous material this
talk was connected with the ideas of the synergetics of R.B.Fuller, but, as the
study of this topic indicates, one is not reducible to them, since it has been
possible to identify a whole pool of very interesting and multidirectional
researchers, who thought and created, however, in one direction.
I'll start in order.
In 14 Grigoryev's lectures we are talking about the history of capitalism – about
the acceptability of F. Braudel's world-system approach as a means of describing
European history, and the fundamental problem of the 800-year institutional split
of elites into cesarepapism and papocesirism (Guelphs and Ghibellines) and the
impossibility in this connection to form a territorial a European empire multiplied
98
by a highly differentiated resource, a comparatively small area of Europe, which
sheltered usurers from Asian territorial empires – connoisseurs of sukuk (cheque),
who set out to misappropriate the money of the great empires of the East, and
the strained relations between "finance" and "law" as two fundamentally
different ways of state management of society, followed by the process of
separating money from the state (which, in turn, became the proto-base of much
later economist views). From this same department, there are free cities, which
later led to the need for regular armies and the necessary for their maintenance,
the level of technological division of labor, which led to the development of a
scientific and technological progress in the conjunction of "N" (science) and "T"
(technology) in the form of mass manufactories and subsequent factories-
factories. According to the content of the lecture, from the institutional split, the
conclusion of the legal department is obtained on a completely different,
university and abstract level – in particular, on how to relate the divine and
secular authorities: for the issue of the relationship between the emperor and the
pope also tried to resolve legal, in monetary ways; this circumstance is postulated
as one of the points of growth of European science. Indeed, the first universities
in Europe had a basic philosophical faculty, after which there was a traditional
division into theological, legal and medical directions. And, indeed, it is
sometimes difficult to say what was more in the dispute between Thomas
Aquinas and the averroists: a theological content or a cultural superstructure that
provided controversy over economic and religious-political bases.
And here I will enter my own hypothesis about what the main historical forms
were the science of the period of the formation of capitalism. University's science
of Europe, even with the Bologna Notaries, was ecclesiastical, or Gwelfian,
mainly. In the framework of this Guelph, scientific tradition of training educated
cadres for the church, originally founded by the erudite and subtle connoisseur of
the beautiful Pope Clement VI Pisan University, and much later reopened (or re-
invented) by Lorenzo the Magnificent, became the first university of the new
European type, since, with the sponsorship of this philanthropist, strangely
combining in one person a pan-European banker and a very localized (and very
effective) sovereign (one might say that he sacrificed for the sake of state cares
successes of the bank), was focused on solving problems not so much
reproduction of the church educational tradition as rather strange and not lying
99
on the surface of the tasks of this person. Rather, the most important task, since,
as is known, the members of the Medici house (especially its earliest
representatives) were looking for the Platonic Atlantis, and in general the signs of
other, earlier and more perfect arrangements of society on earth – it suffices to
say that the Medici himself, with Alberti, was perhaps the first professional
specialist in ruinistics in Europe to precede in the form of present archeology. And
this particular university organization, which has been invested quite specific
private funds (the love of art, of course), acted as the fact that with the XX-th
century 2H became known think tank, covering a variety of research areas. As is
known, after Lorenzo I in Pisa there were scientists of a new type – such as Galileo
and Toricelli. It is noteworthy that such scientists have protected quite a state,
but local, and have quite formal, Duke (of the same name), as observers and
naturalists fundamental type in the sense Drucker, while continuing religious and
scholastic tradition maximum generalizations, actually saving them science of a
new type. It was the science with religious roots, "scieligion" – she continued to
exist for decades before the advent of Protestantism, and in many respects it
continued until the beginning of the paradigmatic crisis 2H XX – st. XXI centuries.
To a large extent this is due to the fact that to create a "new university" Medici
clan was a clan of bankers of the Apostolic Chamber, is dependent on the papal
sanction to the management of resources (right alum production), with the result
that, as a result of ambiguity: the southern European politics of the time, led the
members of this clan to the papal throne and, further, resulted in another round
of confrontation between the elites.
If you postulate the fact that the traditions of university education, having
undergone a significant systemic transformation, have not disappeared, it is
logical to move on to the question of whether there was a certain proto-form of
the new European scientific character on the part of the emperor. After the
Emperor Charles V, whose troops destroyed Rome of Pope Clement VII (Giulio di
Giuliano de Medici) in 1527, the grandson of the brother of Emperor Rudolph II
appeared in 1552. The peculiarities of his personality led to a fascination with
esoteric and occult things associated with transmutations and the restoration of
the ideal nature of the human "homunculus" (probably not relying on the
discovery of an authentic Atlantis, they began to search for the ideal person
corresponding to it, for the person who departed from the "ideal form" a sample
Dostları ilə paylaş: |