Stry of higher and secondary specialized education of the republic of uzbekistan termez state university

2.3. Semantic characteristics and classification of construction terms in English

Each terminological system has its own methods of terminological derivation, but taking into account or in accordance with the national derivational nominative models. The language offers terminology its own principles of organization. The processes of terminological nomination should not contradict the norms of the general literary language. However, one cannot say that absolutely all means and resources of the national language are involved in this process. As in word formation, there is a kind of selection of methods. It is these methods that are the most productive in the formation of terms of a specific system⁷².

In terminology, it is generally accepted that terminology is a specific layer of the vocabulary of the English language and an integral part of the lexical system and is subject to all relevant lexical processes. As noted by A.N. Pismichenko, “... the formation of terms is in line with the basic laws of word formation in the English language. The specificity of the terminology system is in the "selectivity" of the use of certain means "⁷³. Meanwhile, we believe that the semantic method for the formation of specialized vocabulary has a special meaning and a special functional load. It is through the semantic way of forming terms that the ever-increasing needs for new special JIEs are satisfied. The semantic method of term formation still retains its relevance and high productivity.

We have analyzed the semantic structure of construction terminology in order to stratify this structure into its constituent elements. In the process of identifying the construction industry as a special branch of activity, both the main categories and concepts are determined, which is reflected in the terminology. The formed area of ​​knowledge begins to develop vigorously. The easiest way to quickly replenish terminology is the formation of a phrase, when a definition is added to the term-name of a broad concept that narrows its meaning⁷⁴. C.B. Grinev-Grinevich also believes that the most common way for terminological phrases to appear is to define the original term, which is, as it were, the root element of the phrase, using attributes that narrow and clarify its meaning. The increase in the length of a phrase, caused by the desire for accuracy of meaning, is achieved by adding additional components to the original two-component combination⁷⁵.

To study the semantic structure and semantic features of construction terms, we have identified and analyzed their lexical-thematic groups. cc calls such thematic groups semantic fields, and notes that the grouping of lexical units into such fields is one of the most visual ways of organizing knowledge in a language. By the semantic field, according to the author, it is customary to understand a fragment of reality, isolated in human experience and having a correspondence in the language in the form of an autonomous lexical system⁷⁶.

N.M. Karpukhina states that in the terminology, which is a terminological system, it is possible to distinguish terminological blocks, microfields on the basis of the generality or difference of the semantic components of the semantic structure of terms. This structure of the terminological system (terminological fields, terminological blocks, rows) does not contradict the idea of ​​the lexical-semantic system of the language as a hierarchy of semantic fields, blocks, rows. Based on the experience of theoretical research in semasiology, the method of component analysis can identify integral and differential semes in the semantic structure of professionally terminated names and combine them into rows, blocks of names that form a microfield of professionally terminated vocabulary, which is included as a fragment in the macrofield of special vocabulary of modern English⁷⁷.

Construction terminology is a system that reflects the concepts of construction, and combines in its composition the names of certain categories and construction concepts⁷⁸. The analysis of terminological names in the construction industry has revealed seven thematic blocks, or terminological microfields:

1. We classified "concrete / concrete constructions" in the first group. This thematic block includes the names of all structures that include concrete, for example: A-block - hollow concrete block; cement bar - cement bar; concrete beam - reinforced concrete beam; bedplate - foundation plate; concrete block pavement - concrete block pavement; casting bed - stand for the manufacture of prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete structures; air-free cement concrete - dense cement concrete.

2. The second group includes "building constructions". Here we include the names of all structures or individual parts of structures, for example: abat-jour - canopy of the building; altanta - a balcony or platform on supports for relaxing and viewing the surrounding landscape; backbone - frame; bascule-bridge - drawbridge; basin building - construction dock; leg bridge - a bridge with coastal abutments in the form of racks; lockup - a building built in a gap with other buildings.

3. The third group includes the names "construction tools", hydraulic shock - hydraulic shock absorber; bill - hatchet / billhook; bit - blade / insert cutter / chisel / drill head; bitstock - drill; bolt - bolt/valve/rod; dating nail - marking nail; sir headed nail - a nail with a semicircular hat; hammer mason - mason's hammer; locksmith's bench - locksmith's workbench; wood-turning lathe - wood lathe; axle lathe - machine for turning axles.

4. Another group was made up of lexemes with the meaning "construction processes", to which we attributed all designations expressing certain processes in construction, for example: abeyance - temporary suspension of construction work; basil - grind / cut; belting - finishing the surface of a concrete pavement with a tape; to bind up - clog; palification - strengthening with piles; patch - patching the road surface.

5. The designations "construction machines" constituted another group in the construction terminology: agitator - concrete truck; loading building crane - loading crane; mobile building crane - mobile crane; rail building crane - railroad crane; tower gantry building crane - tower portal crane; testing machine - a machine for testing cement mortar; concreting machine - a machine for concrete work.

6. The next block contains terms with the meaning of "construction materials", for example: fluxing asphalt - soft bitumen; barblock - barbed wire; beam with central prop - two-span beam; anchorage bearing chemney block - a hollow block for laying smoke channels; agstone - ground limestone; oriental alabaster - banded calcareous tuff; specular alabaster - mirror alabaster; albronze - aluminum bronze.

7. The seventh group includes the names "construction professions": building company manager - manager of a construction company; commissioning building company manager - commissioning manager of a construction company; engineering building firm manager - technical manager of a construction company; technical personnel - technical personnel; field personnel - construction site workers; patcher - a worker who makes minor repairs.

Belonging to thematic groups was revealed as a result of the analysis of definitions of professionally terminated lexemes, which made it possible to reveal the commonality of their semantic meaning. For example, we referred the term edger to such a thematic group as "construction tools", since this lexeme has the definition "a tool used to trim the edge of a lawn along a sidewalk or curb"⁷⁹.

The data obtained showed that the number of building materials items significantly exceeds the other categories for which the classification was carried out. In our opinion, this is due to the rapid technical breakthrough in the field of construction, with the introduction of various technologies and an increase in the need for new building materials.

The terminological system is similar in its organization to the system of a common language. The actualization of the structural-semantic relations that develop between the elements of the term system determines the specific nature of the implementation of intrasystem semantic processes⁸⁰.

The study of the semantics of building terms implies, in our opinion, its component analysis. As M.N. Latu, the semantic structure of the term is heterogeneous and divisible into components. Construction terminology, like other dynamically developing terminologies, is characterized by the presence of semantically multicomponent terms. Of the two elements of such a phrase, one element is the supporting, nuclear one. The core area is the semantic core of the term, which accounts for the main conceptual load, and which contains a salience feature that is significant in the nomination process⁸¹. For example, concrete is the semantic core of the term concreter, in this case "a person who works with concrete". The nuclear element indicates the generic feature of the concept, the thematic group to which the concept belongs⁸². So, for example, the bridge element is nuclear in such phrases as: askew bridge - an oblique bridge; beam bridge - beam bridge; balance bridge - drawbridge; crane bridge - crane bridge.

A.B. Kuvshinova believes that the nuclear element indicates a generic semantic feature, and the structure of such a term is motivated, reflecting the connection of this concept with others. The reference element usually acts as an indicator of the thematic group to which the given concept belongs. It occupies a fixed final position in the phrase, and the process of terminological phrase formation is reduced to the addition of new words denoting specific features to the generic word⁸³.

The peripheral area communicates additional semantic information included in the general information structure of the term. Also, in the semantics of terms, there is an auxiliary area that directs and organizes conceptual information, and the elements of this area carry a grammatical rather than a lexical meaning⁸⁴.

Terminological resources are quite complex structures with diverse links between elements⁸⁵. Thus, according to the semantic method of term formation in the analyzed term system, single-core, dual-core, single-core with the periphery, single-core with the periphery and auxiliary area, dual-core with the periphery and three-core units were identified. The analysis carried out showed that semantically single-core terms prevail in construction terminology. As a percentage, the following picture emerges: