137
FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for
mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land
abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.
Source: Worldbank database, (
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.CON.FERT.ZS
)
8.
Crop water productivity (kg/m
3
)
This indicator is directly related to freshwater use for irrigation. Under the System of Environmental-
Economic Accounting (SEEA) water productivity is defined as the value added of agriculture divided by
water use by agriculture
27
.
For this indicator data are needed in order to monitor countries in time. Currently, the available data
refer to 2007 and were included in the baseline with all the other indicators.
The role of this indicator is pivotal since it represents the nexus between two fundamental
sectors such
as agro-food and water.
Source: Sander JZ, Benchmarking water productivity in agriculture and the scope for improvement -
remote sensing modelling from field to global scale, 2010.
9.
Proportion of total water used (%)
This MDG indicator is crucial for the monitor system of PRIMA initiative, because it investigates the
biophysical limits of the systems. It measures water stress and is defined as the total volume of
groundwater and surface water abstracted (withdrawn) from their sources for human use (e.g. in sectors
such as agriculture, industry, or urban), expressed as a percentage of the total annual renewable water
resources. This indicator shows whether a country abstracts more than its sustainable supply of
freshwater resources. It can be used to track progress in the sustainable, integrated, and transparent
management of water resources
28
.
Source: UNSTAT, MDG (
http://unstats.un.org/UNSD/MDG/Data.aspx
)
10.
Population using safely managed water services (rural, %)
This indicator measures the percentage of the rural population using safely managed drinking water
services, as defined by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
29
.
A basic drinking water source is a source or delivery point that by nature of its construction or through
active intervention is protected from outside contamination with fecal matter. Basic drinking water
sources can include: piped drinking water supply on premises; public taps/stand posts; tube
well/borehole; protected dug well; protected spring; rainwater; and bottled water (when another basic
source is used
for hand washing, cooking, or other basic personal hygiene purposes)
30
.
Source: UNSTAT, MDG (
http://unstats.un.org/UNSD/MDG/Data.aspx
)
11.
Population using safely managed sanitation services (rural, %)
27
UNSTAT, System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) (
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seea.asp
)
28
SDSN, Indicators and a Monitoring Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals – Launching a Data Revolution,
May 15, 2015 (
http://unsdsn.org/resources/publications/indicators/
).
29
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (
http://www.wssinfo.org
)
30
SDSN, Indicators and a Monitoring Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals – Launching a Data Revolution,
May 15, 2015 (
http://unsdsn.org/resources/publications/indicators/
).
138
The indicator measures the percentage of the population in rural areas using safely managed
sanitation
services, as defined by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
11
.
Safely managed sanitation services are those that effectively separate excreta
from human contact, and
ensure that excreta do not re-enter the immediate environment. This means that household excreta are
contained, extracted, and transported to designated disposal or treatment site, or, as locally appropriate,
are safely re-used at the household or community level.
Access to adequate excreta disposal facilities is fundamental to decrease the fecal risk and the frequency
of associated diseases. The use of basic sanitation facilities reduces diarrhea-related morbidity in young
children and also helps accelerate economic and social development in countries where poor sanitation
is a major cause for missed work and school days because of illness.
This indicator and the previous one, investigate countries behavior at a sectoral level (i.e. water services).
Source: UNSTAT, MDG (
http://unstats.un.org/UNSD/MDG/Data.aspx
)
12.
Amount of agricultural residues used for energy purpose (t)
This indicator is aimed at identifying and quantifying the agricultural and food industry waste as well as
fractions of municipal and animal solid waste that are available and can be converted, by means of
biotechnological processes, into food, feed, value-added products for nutraceuticals and healthcare,
biogas and organic based fertilizer.
It is worth to note that this indicator is fundamental for the nexus food-energy and it is especially relevant
for the development of the south-shore countries.
Source: data are needed.
Further aspects that could deserve an indicator:
Biodiversity of Food
Soil Integrity or
soil degradation
Pesticides and Herbicides use
Baseline
According to the data collected for each indicator, a baseline has been developed including the last update
data. The aim was to have a reference set of values to rely on for the future monitoring of countries. The
indicators
land use and
GHG emissions (total and AFOLU) are represented separately by means of
pie charts
and histograms, respectively. As example, the baseline of three countries is reported (i.e. Italy, Jordan and
Morocco).