37
lamazi iyo, rom mnaxvels metyvelebis unars daukargavda da adgilze
gaaSeSebda. mas pativs scemdnen qarTvelebic, ris gamoc matulobda
qorwinebebi qarTvel da bizantielebs Soris, rac aZlierebda am ori
qveynis urTier Tobebs. marias epyrobodnen rogorc Tanaswors, miiRo
uamravi miwa da qoneba. Tu Sors wavalT, misma Zmam, saqarTvelos mefem
giorgi IIm keisris wodeba miiRo, rac adasturebda mis axlo kavSirs
saimperatoro ojaxTan. dedofali maria, miwis mniSvnelovani nawilis
mflobeli gaxda, rac general aleqsios komnenosis damsaxureba
gaxldaT, romelzec dadioda Worebi, TiTqos misi sayvareli iyo, qm
ris sawinaaRmdegod. garda amisa, man SeTqmulebis mowyobis mizniT,
aleqsiosi iSvila, miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod 5 wliT iyo masze
ufrosi. bolos aleqsiosma, proqarTul klanebTan erTad, romlebic
iTvlebodnen yvelaze ufro mebrZolebad bizantiur armiaSi,
imperatori iZulebuli gaxades taxtidan gadamdgariyo da 1081 wlidan
TviTgamocxadebuli mefe iyo (14 wlis asakSi is mzad iyo SeeTavazebina
evropidan jvarosnebis Semosvla). aleqsiosma marias vaJi, konstan
tine taxtis memkvidred gamoacxada da mogvianebiT misi qaliSvili
ana komnenosic daaniSnina,romelsac marias yuradRebis qveS zrdidnen
konstantinesTvis. Tumca es veRar moxda, radgan konstantinem miiRo
imperatorTan TanamSromlobis statusi 10741087 wlebSi.
rogorc yovelTvis, realuri muqara modioda aRmosavleTidan. 1054
wels Turq selCukebma daamarcxes bizantiis, somxeTis, saqarTvelos,
frankebis, normanebis, varangebis, Turqebisa da bulgareTis
saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebuli Zalebi, manazkerTis (Manzikert) brZolaSi
da tyved aiyvanes imperatori.
raTa daecvaT aRmosvleTis sazRvrebi, bizantiis axalma imperatorma
tao formalurad daubruna (iberiis Tema)
1
giorgi II bagrations (1072
1089 ww.), agreTve mianiWa bizantiis keisris wodeba, gadasca yarsis
cixe
si
magre da daayena imperiis aRmosavleT sazRvrebis pasuxismge
1
istoriulad, tao saqarTvelos teritoriad rCeboda, sanam osmalebi
daipyrobndnen 1551 w. aq gatarda islamizaciis politika da bevri
qristianuli taZari gadakeTda meCeTad. ruseTTurqeTis omis Semdeg
18771878 ww. yofili taoklarjeTis umetesi teritoria Turqebma
dauTmes ruseTis imperias, magram 1918 wels Turqebma ukan daibrunes
brestlitovskis xelSekrulebis Sedegad. Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos
arqiteqturis ramdenime monumenti – mitovebuli an gadakeTebuli
eklesiebi, monastrebi, xidebi da cixesimagreebi – dRemde mimofantulia
taos teritoriaze. amaTgan yvelaze cnobilia xaxulis monasteri, oSkis
taZari, iSxani, bana, parxali, dolisyana, oTxTa eklesia, opiza da tbeTi
Oshki, Ishkhani, Bana, Parkhali, Doliskana, Otkhta Eklesia, Opiza and Tbeti.
38
blad. es adgili iqca qarTvelselCukebis brZolis velad. male giorgi
II iZulebuli gaxda gadamdgariyo misi vaJis, daviT IVis sasargeblod.
Turq-selCukebi saqarTveloSi
1060-70 wlebSi saqarTveloSi situacia daiZaba Turq-selCukebis
gamoCeniT, radgan maTma Semosevebma qveyana Zlier daazarala. `didi
Turquli dapyrobebi~ 1080 wels daiwyo. rodesac isini bizantiisken
midiodnen, sparseTi da somxeTic miitaces. miwebi, sadac momTabareebma
gaiares saZovrebad iqca.
romis papma da konstantinopolis patriarqma erTmaneTi dawyevles.
ganxeTqileba 1054 wels dasrulda. ierusalimi 1099 wels pirveli
jvarosnuli laSqrobis Semdgom, ganTavisuflda muslimebisgan. ama-
ve dros daiwyo Reconquista navaras da aragonis Navarre and Aragon
ganTavisuflebis Sedegad iberiis naxevarkunZulis ganTavisuflebac.
toledom 1085 wels miiRo damoukidebloba. vestminsteris saabatos
mSenebloba inglisSi 1042 wels daiwyo. normanebma daipyres sicilia da
daaarses samefo 1130 wels. portugaliis saxelmwifo 1139 wels daarsda.
meore gamanadgurebeli jvarosnuli laSqroba daiwyo edesis (urfa)
Edessa (Urfa) dacemis Semdgom, 1144 wels da mesame warumatebeli laSqroba
1187 wels egvipteli saladinis Saladin mier ierusalimis dapyrobis
Semdgom. evropaSi pirveli universiteti 1158 wels boloniaSi daarsda.
16 wlis mefe daviT IV aRmaSenebeli bagrationi (10891125 ww.)
gaxda udidesi monarqi saqarTvelos istoriaSi. man Seqmna 40 000 kaciani
jari aznaurebisgan da glexebisgan. amis gamo mosaxleobis umetesoba
miwaTmoqmedebas mowyda. am problemis mosagvareblad daviT IVm
CrdiloeT kavkasiis velebidan daiqirava 40 000 yivCayi Tavisi armiisT
vis da daasaxla Tavis ojaxebTan erTad. TurqyivCayebs iyenebda Turq
selCukebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. zogi istorikosi (zurab kacelaSvili)
Tvlis, rom es daviT aRmaSeneblis Secdoma iyo. yivCayTa saqarTveloSi
Camosaxlebis Semdeg SidaaSlilobebi ufro gamwvavda.
1095 wels jvarosnuli laSqrobebi damaskoSi daiwyo, xolo 1099
wels ierusalimSi, raSic qarTvelebic uSualod monawileobdnen, ma
gram istoriuli cnobebi vatikanis arqividan ar aris gamoqveynebuli.
evropeli qristianebis Semosevebis Sedegad muslimebi iZulebulni gax
dnen, koncentracia moexdinaT siriisa da palestinis dacvaze da Tavi
daenebebinaT transkavkasiisTvis. 10991101 wwSi mefe daviTi Tavad edga
saTaveSi Tavis jarebs da TandaTanobiT gaaZeva kidec TurqselCukebi
39
qarTlidan, kaxeTidan da hereTidan. aseve man SeZlo Seewyvita xarkis
gadaxda.
bolos am qmedebebma selCukebis mTavrebis yuradReba miipyro.
sulTan mahmud b. muhamedma Mahmud b. Muhammad (11181131 ww.) saqa
rTveloSi gagzavna koaliciuri Zalebi, misi saukeTeso sardalis,
nejm addin ilRazis Regina AlDin Ilguzi meTaurobiT, romelic cno
bili iyo jvarosnebis winaaRmdeg brZolebiT. 1121 wlis 12 agvistos
mefe daviTma didgorTan axlos gamarTa brZola jvarosan legionTan
erTad, romelSic man mravalricxovan mterze istoriuli gamarjveba
moipova. muslimebis maSindeli ricxvi axlac sadavoa, radgan meryeob
da Semdegnairad, 600 000 kacidan (Walter the Chancellor’s Bella Antiochena,
Matthew of Edessa), 400 000 kacamde (Smbat Sparapet’s `Chronicle~), xolo qa
rTvelebis raodenoba meryeobs daaxloebiT 180 000dan 250 000 kacamde,
qurTebis, somxebis, Turqebis da iranelebis CaTvliT. qarTuli armia
Sedgeboda 3050 000 mxedrisgan, 10 000 qveiTi jarisgan, 15 000 yivCayis
gan, 500 osisgan da 100 dasavleT evropis jvarosnisgan. 200 qarTvelma,
Tavi moaCvena TiTqosda moRalateebi iyvnen, SeaRwia koaliciis jaris
StabSi da yvela gaanadgura. mTeli selCukebis jari panikas mieca.
am gamarjvebis Semdgom daviTma 1122 wels gaaTavisufla Tbilisi da
dedaqalaqic quTaisidan swored aq gadmoitana.
mixeil TamaraSvili aRniSnavs, rom `jvarosnuli omebis dasavleTis
(evropuli) mwerlebi (maT Soris samefo karze myofi vatikanis
warmomadgenlebi) didgoris oms ise dawvrilebiT aRweren, rogorc
amas aRmosavleTis mwerlebi ver axerxeben~.
am gamarjvebam kidev ufro didi interesi gauCina Turqebs. Semdeg
1123 wels naxevari milioni dabanakda Sirvanis dedaqalaqSi, romlebic
mzad iyvnen ieriSisaTvis. 50 000ma qarTvelma alyaSi moaqcia qalaqi da
Turquli armia danebda, raTa mSvidobiT dabrunebuliyvnen iq, saidanac
movidnen – baRdadSi.
is iyo, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelSi ukve gamoCnda saxelwodeba
`mesiis maxvili~: misi wodeba eseTi iyo: `umaRlesi mefe daviTi, uflis
surviliT, mefeT mefe, afxazebis, qarTvelebis, ranebis, kaxelebis,
somxebis, SirvanSahis da SahanSahis, mTeli aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis,
mesiis maxvili~.
qarTul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT (magram ar aris dadasturebuli
sxva wyaroebis mier) aris legenda, rom mefe daviTma monawileoba
miiRo ierusalimis gaTavisuflebaSi da mas gadaeca graalis Tasi
Grail vessel, rac gamosaxulia qarTul droSaze 1099 wlidan. ierusa
limis droSa bolo saukuneebis manZilze iyo qarTvelebis sabrZolo
alami, xolo axla ki saxelmwifo droSaa. qarTvelebs axlo urTier