40
Toba hqondaT templarebTan (an tamplierebTan frangul originalSi)
Templars (Templiers), romlebmac daafinanses ierusalimSi jvris monas
tris aSeneba. qarTul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, ierusalimis jvarosani
mefe balduini Baldwin, saqarTvelos ewvia 111921 wlebSi.
bizantiis imperiasTan axlo kavSiri bevrad ufro rTuli da
saxifaTo iyo. rogorc mezoblebi, maTi kultura da ideologia gavlenas
axdenda erTmaneTze, magram teritoriebisaTvis mudmivad omobdnen.
me13 saukunemde, rodesac jvarosnebma daarbies iveronis monasteri,
qarTvelebs ufro kargi urTierToba hqondaT kaTolikeebTan, vidre
bizantielebTan.
daviT aRmaSenebeli 1125 wels gardaicvala da dakrZalul iqna
gelaTis monasterSi. daviTs colad hyavda rusudani, somexi princesa,
da Semdeg guranduxti, yivCayi mTavris aTraqis qaliSvili. mas sami
Svili hyavda, vaJi demetre da ori qaliSvili, Tamari, romelic misTxov
da SirvanSahs da katai, romelic bizantiis imperators misTxovda.
misi memkvidreebis mefobis dros (demetre I (11251155 ww.), daviT V
(1155 w.), giorgi III (11561184 ww.)) saqarTvelos sazRvrebma gadainacva
la nikofsiidan (qalaqi axlandel soWsa da tuafses Sua) darubandamde
(kaspiis zRva) da oseTidan (CrdiloeT kavkasia) somxeTis araratis
mTamde.
mefe daviT IVis SviliSvilis Tamaris mefobis dros (11841213 ww.)
saqarTvelos saxelmwifom politikuri SesaZleblobebis mwvervals
miaRwia da teritoriebi gaafarTova. oficialuri saxeli mefe
Tamarisa miuTiTebs mis
Zalaze: `Tamar bagra
tioni, uflis nebiT
das
muli, mefeTa mefe
da dedofalTa dedofa
li afxazTa, qarTvel
Ta, ranTa, kaxelTa, so
mexTa, SarvanSaha da
Sahin Sahi,
dasavleTisa
da aRmosavleTis mflo
beli, msoflios di
deba
da rwmena, mesiis max
vili~.
1185 wels mefe Ta
mari colad gahyva iuri
bogolubskis, suzdalis didi mTavris vaJs. iuri amoraluri da msmeli
pirovneba aRmoCnda da or welSi Tamarma Tavisi qorwineba daarRvia.
saqarTvelo Tamar mefis dros
41
1189 wels is osTa mefis Svils daviT soslans misTxovda, dediT
qarTuli samefo ojaxis, bagrationebis STamomavals.
me12 saukunis bolos daviT soslanma Tavis Tavze aiRo gadamwyveti
Seteva Turqebis winaaRmdeg. 1192 wels soslani azerbaijanSi da
erzerumSi Sevida. es reidebi daSineba ufro iyo, vidre dapyroba.
TurqselCukebma iCivles baRdadSi xalifasTan. man ubrZana yvela
musliman mTavars daewyo jixadi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. koalicias
xelmZRvanelobda azerbaijanis aTabagi, abu baqri. 1195 wels soslani,
`moqmedebda rogorc aqilevsi~, koalicias Samqoris brZolaSi Seebr
Zola, xolo basianTan 1202 wels. es iyo triumfi didgoris brZolis
Semdgom, romlidanac 74 weli iyo gasuli. 12011203 wwSi qarTvelebma
ganja daikaves, aseve somxeTis qalqebi ani, dvini da yarsi. daviT soslans
ise swrafad Sehyavda Zalebi da aman abu baqris iseTi demoralizacia
moaxdina, rom man aukrZala mrCevlebs qarTvelebis Setevebis cnobebis
moxseneba da daiwyo sma, sanam ar gardaicvala.
rodesac egviptis sulTanma saladinma daipyro ierusalimi,
Tamaris upirvelesi mizani iyo ierusalimis qarTuli jvris monastris
usafrTxoeba da saladinTan ori misia gaigzavna, raTa daecvaT qarTve
li piligrimebis uflebebi, im pirobiT, rom Tamari arc erT brZolas
ar gamarTavda saladinis teritoriaze.
rodesac 1204 wels konstantinopoli jvarosnebma Caigdes xelT,
qarTvelebi, romlebic ibrZodnen regionaluri zesaxelmwofos sta
tusisaTvis, dawinaurdnen dasavleTisken da aiRes trapizoni, samsuni,
sinopi da heraklia da daaarses damoukidebeli saxelmwifo trapizoni,
Savi zRvis samxreT napirze, lazebis (Wanebi) qarTuli tomebiT dasaxle
bul teritoriaze, romelsac komnenosebis ojaxis STamomavlebi mar
Tavdnen.
1
saqarTvelo Zalzed swrafad farTovdeboda. baRdadisa da rumis
sasulTnos selCukebze gamarjvebis Semdgom ar arsebobda Zala
(bizantia damarcxebulia), romelic SeaCerebda qarTvelTa kavalerias.
saqarTvelo im dros gadaWimuli iyo 1000 kilometrze dasavleTidan
1
trapizonis imperiis pirveli mmarTveli, aleqsi I megas komnenosi Alexios I
Megas Kkomnenos, iyo Tamaris disSvili, rusudanis vaJi. aleqsi saqarTveloSi
gaizarda da berZnuls swavlobda rogorc ucxo enas. 1258 wels monRol
hulagu yaenis mier baRdadis ganadgurebis Semdgom, trapizoni gaxda
abreSumis gzis mTavari magistrali. qalaqi sagrZnoblad gamdidrda
abreSumis gzis vaWrobiT monRolebis dacvis qveS. marko polo, evropaSi
trapizonis gavliT dabrunda 1295 wels. qalaqi 250 wlis manZilze iyo
msoflios wamyvani savaWro adgili, komnenosebis mmarTvelobis dros,
osmalebis saboloo gamarjvebamde.
42
aRmosavleTisken. saqarTvelom gariska daerRvia aiubidis gegmebi,
romlebic aseve gegmavdnen esargeblaT bizantiis sisustiT da
daepyroT Savi zRvis napirebi. 1208 wels aiubidebi Sevidnen xlaTSi da
vanis tbasTan ori Zala Sexvda erTmaneTs. saqarTvelom Tavi Seikava
mterTan saomari moqmedebebisgan, romelTanac Tamarma xeli moawera
xelSekrulebas, da pirvelad msoflioSi gaCnda qristianebsa da
muslimebs Soris orive mxares aRiarebuli sazRvari.
qarTulma Zalebma aRmosavleTisken gadainacvles. isini Rrmad
Sevidnen kaspiis zRvis samxreT nawilSi, iranSi da xorezmSi. qarTvelTa
laSqroba imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom qalaqma Tavrizma kari gauRo da
xarkic gadauxada konfliqtis Tavidan asacileblad. qarTuli armiis
mTavari problema iyo nadavlis transportireba ukan saqarTveloSi.
Tanamedroveebi sagonebelSi iyvnen Cavardnilni, radgan maTma armiam
daipyo adgilebi `romelzec arasdros araferi smeniaT~.
centralurma samefo xelisuflebam wvlili Seitana qalaqebis ga
ZlierebaSi, gansakuTrebiT Tbilissa da quTaisSi. me11me12 saukunee
bSi saqarTvelo saxelganTqmuli iyo oqros, vercxlisa da spilenZis
simdidriT. brolisa da SuSisagan WurWelsac akeTebdnen. saqarTvelos
hqonda regularuli savaluto sistema da Wridnen metalis fuls.
legaluri vaWroba im xanad oqroTi, vercxliTa da spilenZis fuliT
xdeboda. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba im periodSi aRmavlobisken
midioda. rgavdnen xorbleul da parkosan mcenareebs. aseve kargad iyo
ganviTarebuli meRvineoba.
me11me12 saukuneebSi farTod iyo ganviTarebuli feodaluri
saqarTvelos kultura – filosofia, istoriografia, filologia,
mwerloba, arqiteqtura, monumenturi mxatvroba, miniaturuli
nakeTobebis Seqmna, metalze muSaoba da sameTuneo warmoeba.
muslimi, ebraeli, sufiuri mosaxleobis mimarT adamianTa mopyroba
standartulad Camoyalibda multieTnikur saxelmwifoSi. aTonis
mTaze iveronis monasteri, Sav mTaze iveriis monasteri, wminda jvris
monasteri palestinaSi, petriwonis monasteri bulgareTSi, gelaTi da
varZia – yvela maTgani saqarTvelos centri iyo, sadac mudmivad samec
niero da kulturuli samuSaoebi mimdinareboda.
saqarTvelos sazogadoebis erTerTi cnobili reformis mcdeloba
wamoiwyo ioane petriwma, romelic iyo me11me12 saukuneebis
neoplatoneli filosofosi. gadmocemiT vigebT, rom is daibada
samcxeSi, aristokratiul ojaxSi da ganaTleba miiRo konstantinopolSi.
misi saxeli petriwi momomdinareobs bulgareTSi petriwonis monastris
saxelidan. man Targmna uamravi filosofiuri naSromi, ufro metad
ki neoplatonuri, raTa SeeTavsebina klasikuri ideebi qristianobis
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