84
dis, ... yazanis, astraxanis, poloneTis, cimbiris, saqarTvelos cari...
fineTis didi kniazi... iveriis, kartaliniis, kabardiniis da somxeTis
teritoriis suvereni; CerqezeTis da mTis ufliswulis mmarTveli da
lordi; TurqeTis lordi, norvegiis memkvidre, holSteinis didebuli,
stormarni, dizmarSeni, oldenburgi da a.S.~. Tumca damabneveli iyo
erTi da igive teritoriaze sami saxelis xilva: `saqarTvelos mefe,
iveriis suvereni da kartalinias monarqi~, rodesac somxeTi naxsenebia
rogorc teritoria
1
.
nikolozis mier ruseTis samefo karis datovebisTanave, 1685
wels moskovSi Camovida misi taxtis metoqe imereTis da kaxeTis mefe
arCil II aleqsandre batoniSvilTan erTad, sadac vsesviastskoes miwa
(axla gruzinskaia quCa moskovSi) saCuqrad gadaeca. aleqsandre da
didi petre bavSvobaSi megobrebi iyvnen da erTad daaarses evropuli
tipis preobraJenskis da semionovskis gvardiis polkebi. jariskacebma
(didwilad qarTvelebisgan Semdgari, 1,80 simaRlis) Tofis nacvlad
xis joxebiT daiwyes, magram rogorc ki petre pirveli mmarTvelobaSi
movida, aRmoCnda, rom mas patara, magram kargad gawvrTnili armia
hyavda. nariSkinsa da miloslavskis ojaxebs Soris brZola zenitSi iyo,
rodesac 1686 wels aleqsandrem SeirTo miloslavskebis ojaxis asuli,
ramac ukmayofileba gamoiwvia nariSkinebis ojaxSi, magram am drosac ki
piradi erTguleba da megobroba petresa da aleqsandres Soris kiTxvis
qveSac ar damdgara. qorwili pompezurad Catarda da monawileobdnen
yvela banakis warmomadgenlebi.
petres `Zma~, qarTveli ufliswuli aleqsandre Tan axlda mas
evropaSi mogzaurobis dros da gawvrTnil iqna, rogorc artileristi.
kenigsbergSi Snaitner fon sternfeldma Schneitner von Sternfeld orives
aswavla dabombvis da fortifikaciis Teoria da Semdeg aleqsandre
batoniSvilma swavla ganagrZo haagasa da utrextSi ian goSkasTan
Ian Goschka. 1688 wels petresTan, menSikovTan da SafskisTan erTad
gaemgzavra inglisSi, raTa SeeswavlaT gemTmSenebloba. petre,
aleqsandresTan erTad, ewvia mefe uiliam IIIs da sxva samefo
warmomadgenlebs, naxes monetebis damamzadebeli fabrika da samefo
samecniero sazogadoeba isaak niutonis meTaurobiT. evropaSi ale
1
somxeTis mefis wodeba (siliciis somxuri saxelmwifo, qveyana Camoyalibda
Sua saukuneeSi somexi emigrantebis mier, vinc Tavi daaRwia selCukebis
Semosevas somxeTSi) daTmobil iqna lusinianebis dinastiis mier savois
saxlisTvis 1485 wels. ukanaskneli italiis imperatoris viqtor emanuel
IIIis (19001946 ww.) sruli wodeba Seicavda `...kviprosis, ierusalimis,
somxeTis mefe...~
85
qsandres qarTuli nacionaluri tansacmeli ecva da eZaxdnen `princi
imereTinski – petres Zma~.
amsterdamSi petrem SeukveTa kirilicas axali anbani (Zveli
slavuri anbani), aleqsandrem nikolas vitsens Nicolaas Witsen, msofli
os wamyvan tipografs, daukveTa samive qarTuli anbanis Srifti.
vitsenma konsultacia gaiara ungrelvalaxiel mbeWdavTan, miklos
miStodfalusTan Miklos Misztodfalusi da 1689 wels gamoadno qarTuli
tipografiuli Srifti. amgvarad, pirveli qarTuli wigni daibeWda
moskovSi. sainteresoa is faqti, rom TviT valaxeTSi beWdva danerga
qarTvelma emigrantma anTimozma (anton iberielma), romelic rimnikis
mRvdeli iyo, visi moswavlec iyo miklosi. 1705 wels anTimozma miklosi
(mixeili) TbilisSic ki gagzavna, raTa daxmareboda pirveli beWduri
saxlis daarsebaSi, sadac saxarebebi ibeWdeboda. ase rom, romSi
dabeWdili pirveli qarTuli wignis mere, 1620 wels Semdegi dabeWdili
wigni moskovSi gamoCnda 1703 wels da bolos, TbilisSi 1709 wels.
petres mogzaurobis politikuri mizezi iyo evropis gaerTianeba
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg. petrem icoda, rom ruseTi marto ver Seerki
neboda osmaleTis imperias da gaemgzavra evropaSi, raTa monarqebisTvis
daxmareba eTxova, magram amjerad misi imedebi ver gamarTlda. pet
rem Zalzed udrood SearCia momenti; im droisTvis evropelebi
ufro metad dainteresebulni iyvnen, vis gadaecemoda memkvidreobiT
uSvilo espaneTis mefis Carlz IIis samefo gvirgvini (espaneTis
memkvidreobisTvis brZola 17011714 ww.) da protestantkaToli
keebis omze, vidre osmal sulTanTan brZolaze. ruseTi marto darCa
TurqeTis pirispir.
petres 1698 wlis viziti xanmokle iyo, radgan iZulebuli gaxda,
dabrunebuliyo strelcebis ajanyebis gamo. ajanyeba male CaaxSo
mefis `axalma~ armiam, magram, miuxedavad amisa, petrec umowyalod
moqmedebda meamboxeebis mimarT. 1200 maTgani nawamebi da mokluli iyo
da brZana maTi sxeulebi saxalxod gamoefinaT, momavalSi meamboxeebis
gasafrTxileblad.
petrem miando samxedro mSenebloba aleqsandres da 1700 wels
is gaxda pirveli rusi samxedro generali da mmarTveli 20 wlis
asakSi. amave wels karlos XIIm Seteva ganaxorciela narvaSi ruseTis
jarze da rusi mTavarsardali kniazi de kroni Herzog de Cron danebda.
aleqsandre samxedro moqmedebebis dros daiWra da princ raSeldis
Prince Rashield brZanebiT tyved aiyvanes. karlosma etapobrivad yvela
700 datyvevebuli oficeri gaaTavisufla, magram aleqsandre daitova.
misi samefo kari epyroboda aleqsandres rogorc samefo ojaxis
warmomadgenels da mosTxoves 10 tona fura oqro gamosasyidad.
86
petrem miswera werili aleqsandres am gegmis Sesaxeb, magram
ukanasknelma sastiki uari ganacxada amxela gamosasyidis gadaxdaze.
man miswera petres, rom `es didad daazaralebda ekonomikurad da xels
SeuSlida im miznebis miRwevaSi, rac orivem erTad SeimuSava ruseTTan
dakavSirebiT~. 1710 wels aleqsandre gaaTavisufla SvedeTma, magram
rigaSi daiRupa TirkmelSi kenWis gamo. mefe arCili, aleqsandres mama,
donis monastris mmarTvelad dainiSna, sadac aris dakrZaluli. 1721
wels petrem arCilis saxlSi aRniSna SvedeTze gamarjveba.
1708 wels karlos XIIm Tavisi saboloo fataluri Secdoma
dauSva, rodesac litvaSi yofnis dros, nacvlad pirdapir moskovis
dasalaSqrad wasvlisa, gadainacvla ukrainis samxreTiT, raTa dax
mareba eTxova kazakebis meTaur ivan mazepasTvis Ivan Mazeppa. Sveduri
jaris momaragebis gza petrem gadaWra da Svedi meomrebi ixocebodnen
sicivisa da sneulebebisgan. ase rom, 1709 wlis gazafxulze, karlosma,
romelic mainc darwmunebuli iyo misi 25 000 gamocdili mebrZolis
upiratesobaSi 40 000 rus meomarze, gadawyvita saboloo brZola
moewyo poltavaSi, stokholmidan 1000 milSi. aTasobiT Svedi daiRupa
da mxolod sul cotam Tu SeZlo Tavi Seefarebina TurqeTis samxreT
teritoriisaTvis. brZolisgan dauZlurebul rusebs aRar SeeZloT
maSinve ukan dadevnebodnen. marTalia, brZola gadamwyveti ar iyo,
magram istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan, Tu sxva SedegiT
damTavrdeboda, petre ver SesZlebda reformebis gatarebas da ruseTi
ver gaxdeboda imperia. SvedeTis mflobelobaSi myofi baltiispira
teritoriebi dominosaviT waiqca.
warmatebiT gamxnevebulma petrem 1711 wels gagzavna 40 000iani
armia moldoveTSi 130 000 Turquli jaris winaaRmdeg, rac sruli
marcxiT damTavrda
1
. azovic ki daikarga. magram CrdiloeTSi saqme kar
gad midioda da 1713 wels ruseTma daipyro fineTi.
rodesac petrem gaaRrmava reformebi da daiwyo administraciis
restruqturizacia, xolo qveyana gayo 8 did guberniad da daaarsa
kolegiebi – `saministroebi~, petrem gamoiyena Svedi tyveebi am
1
mdinare prutis gadakveTis Semdeg petre didis jari daamarcxes Turqebma
1711 wels baltaCi mehmed faSas Baltacı Mehmet Pasha meTaurobiT. petrem
SedarebiT xelsayreli pirobebi mxolod Tavisi meuRlis ekaterine Iis
da karis qalbatonebis daxmarebiT miiRo. am qalbatonebma TurqeTis
gamarjvebuli mxedarTmTavris baltaCi faSas karavSi ramdenime Rame
gaatares da samSvidobo SeTanxmebis pirobebze mefis saxeliT awarmoebdnen
molaparakebebs. rogorc werda volteri Tavis wignSi `petre didi~ amasTan
erTad yvela qalbatonma moixsna samkaulebi qrTamis saxiT gadasacemad. am
mizezis gamo sulTanma moxsna faSa Tanamdebobidan da gadasaxlebiT dasaja.
Dostları ilə paylaş: |