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Sámi Religion Formations and Proto-Sámi Language Spread:
Reassessing a Fundamental Assumption
Frog,
University of Helsinki
Abstract: Any historical study of Sámi religions links religion to the history of the language. Here, Proto-Sámi language
spread is reviewed and the fundamental (and often implicit) assumption that religion spread with Proto-Sámi language
is challenged. An alternative model that language spread as a medium of communication adopted by different cultures is
proposed and tested against the Common Proto-Sámi lexicon.
Research on Sámi religion has increasingly
given attention to variation. As Håkan Rydving
points out, the 18
th
-century authors of primary
sources already show awareness of variation in
Sámi religious vocabulary and practices.
Nevertheless, early research tended to view
these in isolation against an idea of what might
be called ‘pan-Sámi’ religion; only exceptionally
did scholars take a more sensitive approach to
regional variation (e.g. Holmberg [Harva]
1915: 12; Wiklund 1916: 46). (Rydving 1993:
19–23.) Concentrated attention is now given to
differences in specific vocabulary or features
of practice, but also to questions of broader
religion formations on a regional or linguistic
basis (e.g. Pentikäinen 1973; Rydving 1993;
2010). Nevertheless, approaches have developed
against the background of a continuity theory of
Sámi presence throughout Fennoscandia since
the Bronze Age. Local and regional forms of
Sámi religion are considered as variations of a
pan-Sámi heritage resulting from internal
developments and contact-based change. An
idea that Sámi only began to break up during
or following the Viking Age has validated a
projection of a homogeneous category ‘Sámi’