Souleimanov & Kraus
24
regime, it is inconceivable that such movements could operate without support
from abroad, either provided by foreign governments or the diaspora.
An analysis of the nationalist movements among Iran’s Azerbaijanis cannot avoid
at least a brief characterization of the foreign influences on those groups. It should,
however, be noted that foreign influences on the issues being studied are among
the areas for which research is obviously the most difficult. In Iran itself, there are
no sources whatsoever on this topic. The members of Azerbaijani nationalist
groups in Iran are likewise very unwilling to discuss support from abroad. The
outline below is therefore based on fragmentary information available in the
countries where support has existed for nationalist groups of south Azerbaijan.
Jokes and Insults
The jokes the Azerbaijanis and Persians tell about each other and their mutual
humorous insults represent an interesting and, in part, entertaining aspect of their
relations. Tellingly, a caricature depicting an Azerbaijani as a cockroach provoked
a wave of protests and riots. Nonetheless, jokes, insults, and taunts that do not go
beyond certain limits are a normal part of Iranian society, and the Persian
population enjoys making fun of the second largest ethnic group – the Azerbaijanis.
The main target of this ridicule is the Azerbaijani language, which apparently
sounds comical and stupid to Persians.
38
In any case, it is the alleged ‘stupidity’ of
Azerbaijanis that forms the punchline for most jokes. Azerbaijanis come off as less
intelligent, naive people who are incapable of dealing with the problems of
everyday life, or who solve problems of whatever kind in their own stupid
manner.
39
The most popular insult, tork-e khar, translating to ‘Turkish Donkey,’ is
such a reference to Azerbaijani stupidity. Persian ridicule of the Azerbaijanis
generally takes the classic form of jokes or brief anecdotes. It should be added that
many such jokes target Iran’s other inhabitants. A good example are the inhabitants
of the town of Rasht, who also tend to be depicted as stupid.
40
There are also jokes
38
Azerbaijanis are often ridiculed by Persian-speakers for not being able to pronounce the Farsi letters
“ghayn” and “jim” and for pronouncing “ts” instead of “ch” and “dz” instead of “j.”
39
Other parts of the Iranian stereotype of Azerbaijanis, although less articulate in the jokes circulating in
Iran, include the portrayal of Azerbaijanis as stubborn, jealous, and hot-tempered, with Azerbaijani women
seen as hard-working and “high-maintenance.”
40
Iranian humor is also aimed at other locations. Typical targets of jokes include the inhabitants of Esfahan
for being greedy, while Qazvin has a reputation for ubiquitous homosexuality, the people of Abadan are
said to be boastful, Arabs are described as sex-starved etc.
Iran’s Azerbaijani Question in Evolution
25
about other characteristics of the Azerbaijanis, such as paranoia or the feeling of
having been wronged.
Although members of other Iranian nationalities are becoming targets of local
jokes, especially the Kurds, Arabs, Balochs, and Afghan immigrants, jokes about
the Azerbaijanis seem to be the most widespread and the most popular. Humor at
the expense of the Azerbaijanis is common most likely because they are the largest
minority in the country, and are present in considerable numbers in central Iran’s
major cities. While Kurds are not common in Tehran, Esfahan, or Shiraz,
Azerbaijanis are present even in the upper echelons of society, politics, the military,
the economy, and the religious hierarchy.
Although Iranian humor is based on ridiculing ethnic minorities and people from
various regions and cities, and such humor is firmly rooted in Iranian society, it is
generally spread only by word of mouth among family members, friends etc. The
jokes are passed on by practically all groups of the population, and members of the
‘targeted’ group themselves often literally collect jokes about their own ethnicity.
On the other hand, any public ridicule by the media (as in the case of the caricature
of the cockroach) or political representatives is taken very seriously. Thus, for
example, former Iranian president Mohammad Khatami provoked sharp protests
from the Azerbaijani minority in 2009 in Tehran, Tabriz, and Urmia after a video
began to circulate around the internet showing Khatami telling an ‘Azerbaijani
joke.’ In the video, Khatami retells the story of an Ardabil cleric telling the story
about the wedding of Fatimah, the daughter of the prophet Muhammad.
According to the cleric, “On the night when Fatima became a bride, she was taken
to the groom's home. The Prophet was then taking the path before her, while Imam
Hasan and Imam Hussein (Fatima’s two sons) walked at her side.” The point is that
the Azerbaijani cleric neither understands the story nor is able to tell it properly.
Khatami’s joke ridicules the religious knowledge of Azerbaijani clerics and their
ability to teach religion to the people. The mass reaction to Khatami’s joke took the
form of demands for a public apology, and some groups even called for the former
president to be deprived of his status as a cleric. There was nevertheless suspicion
that the video had been released deliberately to hurt reformist candidate Mir-
Hossein Mousavi, an ethnic Azerbaijani, whom Khatami supported.
41
Thus, what
41
Golnaz Esfandiari, “Khatami's Azeri Joke Backfires,” Radio Free Europe, May 27, 2009,
http://www.rferl.org/content/Khatamis_Joke_Backfires/1741034.html.