”Analyse av den aktuelle politiske og sosio-økonomiske situasjonen i Latin Amerika”

References

Barrantes, Rosxana, Patricia Zarate and Anahi Durand (2005) “Te quiero pero no”: Mineria, desarrollo y poblaciones locales (“I love you but no” Mining, development and local populations), IEP: Lima
BP (2005). Statistical review of the world energy, London,
Enriques, Jan Carlos (2002). Mineria, Minerales y desarrollo sustentable en Bolivia (Chapter 4 – Mining, minerals and systainable development in Bolivia) , consultancy report.
Fagundes de Almeida, Edmar Luiz (2004) “Brazil: A key push for integration” in Beato, Paulina and Juan Benavides (eds) Gas market integration in the southern cone, Interamerican Development Bank: Washington D.C.
Gil, Vladimir (2006). Strategies in the local conflicts with a Transnational Mining Company in Peru: The Antamina case 1996-2003, presentation at Latin American Studies Association annual conference 2006, San José.
Hall, H. and H. A. Patrinos (eds.) (2005). Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America: 1994 – 2004. Houndmills, England: Palgrave MacMillan.
IIES (2002) The minining, mineral and sustainable development project - executive summary.
UNDP (2004). Democracy in Latin America. Towards a Citizens’ Democracy. Buenos Aires: Alfaguara.
Vigila Perú (2005). Vigilancia de las industrias extractivas (Vigilence of the extractive industries), National report No. 1, Lima
World Bank (1996). A mining strategy for Latin America and the Caribbean, WB Working Paper no. 345, Washington D.C.
World Bank (2005). Comparative study on the distribution of oil rents in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, ESMAP report august, Washington D.C.
World Bank (2006). World Development Report 2006 -Equity, Washington D.C.
Yara (2006). Annual Report, Oslo.

Selected Internet Sources

Argentina:

http://www.americas.org/item_27140

http://www.americas.org/item_27144

http://www.americas.org/item_27149

http://www.americas.org/item_27156

http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2004/04.04_Kirchner_2003_Leader.htm

http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2005/05.86_Argentina's_Labor_Unions_Moyano's_Heavy_Mantle.htm

http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2006/06.08_Kirchner_distinct.html

http://www.proteger.org.ar/documento.php?id=356

http://www.indec.mecon.ar/

Bolivia:

http://www.cedib.org/pcedib/?module=displaystory&story_id=7902&format=html

http://www.cne.org.bo/sirenacomp/index.aspx

http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2005/05.74_A_Coca_Grower_to_Lead_Bolivia_How_US_Intervention_May_Have_Triggered_a_Populist_Revolution.htm

http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2006/06.27_Morales_Nationalization.html

http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2006/06.28_Navigating_the_Nationalization.html

http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2006/06.27_Morales_Nationalization.html

http://www.evomorales.net/paginasCas/perfil_Cas_diput.aspx

http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/print_article.php3?id_article=1026

http://www.katari.org/cultural/sindicato.htm
Brazil:

http://oglobo.globo.com/online/pais/default.asp?1

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/BRAZILEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20189430~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:322341,00.html

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/BRAZILEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20666115~menuPK:322347~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:322341,00.html

http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2005/05.83_Brazil's_Lula_Corruption_Crisis_May_Disable_Latin_America's_Giant.htm

http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2006/06.23_MST_Lula.html

http://www.cut.org.br/

http://www.dfid.gov.uk/casestudies/files/south-america/brazil/brazil-bolsa2.asp

http://www.dfid.gov.uk/countries/caribbean/brazil.asp

http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/forests/amazon

http://www.iadb.org/topics/subtopics.cfm?subtopicID=DES&language=English&topicID=RM&parid=2&item1id=3

http://www.mds.gov.br/ascom/Fomezero/balanco/conteudo/html/02_esforco_01.htm

http://www.ranknfile-ue.org/uen_0703_brazil.html

http://www.mstbrazil.org/?q=about
Chile:

http://diario.elmercurio.com/2006/04/30/reportajes/_portada/noticias/90728B5F-CAB2-4480-B6C0-FAE5E4C6D2F6.htm

http://www.eldiario.cl/

http://www.flacso.cl/flacso/main.php?page=noticia&code=1003

http://www.gobierno.cl/gob_100dias/tema1.asp
Peru:

http://www.acuerdonacional.gob.pe/

http://www.apra.org.pe/

http://www.caretas.com.pe/Main.asp

http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2006/06.17_Peru_Elections.html

http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2006/06.02_Ollanta_Peru_Elections.html

http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2006/COHA%20Report/COHA_Report_06.05_Peru_Elections_Humala.html

http://www.elcomercioperu.com.pe/online/

http://www.larepublica.com.pe/

http://www.partidonacionalistaperuano.com/
Colombia:

http://colombia.com/noticias/autonoticias/2006/DetalleNoticia26786.asp

http://semana.terra.com.co/wf_InfoArticuloNormal.aspx?IdArt=94356

http://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ESLAMR230132006

http://www.bogota.gov.co/

http://www.mujeryconflictoarmado.org/eng/reports.html

http://www.observatorioelectoral.org/

http://www.polodemocratico.net/

http://www.polodemocratico.net/article.php3?id_article=652

http://www.presidencia.gov.co/sne/2006/mayo/05/06052006.htm

http://www.progress.org/land21.htm

www.fescol.org.co/Doc%20PDF/ MovimientosSocialesMauricioArchila.pdf
Ecuador:

http://conaie.org/?PHPSESSID=b47792337fb09bfd6f260ae8890584cc

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_4454000/4454829.stm

http://saiic.nativeweb.org/ayn/macas.html

http://upsidedownworld.org/main/content/view/293/1/

http://www.americaeconomica.com/numeros4/352/reportajes/varde352.htm

http://www.americaeconomica.com/portada/elecciones/elecciones06.htm

http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2005/05.28%20Ecuador%20Sick%20Man%20the%20one.htm

http://www.ecuarunari.org/

http://www.ecuarunari.org/es/noticias/comunicado16052006.html

http://www.elfinanciero.com/

http://www.eluniverso.com/2006/05/20/8/politica.html?EUID=

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/24/AR2006032400224.html
Uruguay:

http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/historia/Uy.hist4.htm

http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2004/04.76%20Uruguay%20Elections%20the%20one.htm

http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2006/06.01_US_LA_Relations_2005.html

http://www.elpais.com.uy/06/05/19/ultmo_217015.asp
Venezuela:

http://www.americas.org/item_16108

http://www.americas.org/item_26579

http://www.americas.org/region_43

http://www.circulosbolivarianos.org/

http://www.fbe.org.ve/MISIONES.htm

http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/miscelaneas/misiones.html

http://www.hrw.org/wr2k/americas-09.htm

http://www.latin-focus.com/latinfocus/factsheets/venezuela/venfact_pol_parties.htm

http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/docs.php?dno=1010

http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/print.php?artno=1668
Regional organisations:

http://www.comunidadandina.org/ingles/quienes/brief.htm

http://www.iadb.org/aboutus/index.cfm?language=English

http://www.mercosur.int/msweb/principal/contenido.asp

http://www.oas.org/main/main.asp?sLang=E&sLink=../../documents/eng/oasinbrief.asp

http://www.oas.org/main/main.asp?sLang=E&sLink=../../documents/eng/oasinbrief.asp
International organisations:

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/0,,menuPK:258559~pagePK:158889~piPK:146815~theSitePK:258554,00.html

http://www.undp.org/regions/latinamerica/
Statistics:

http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,menuPK:232599~pagePK:64133170~piPK:64133498~theSitePK:239419,00.html

http://websie.eclac.cl/sisgen/badeinso.asp
International news agencies/newspapers:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/news/

http://www.nytimes.com/

http://www.washingtonpost.com/

Abbreviations

AD	Acción Democrática
ALBA	Alternativa Bolivariana para las Américas
AN	Acuerdo Nacional
ANCAP	Administración Nacional de Combustibles, Alcohol y Portland
APRA	Acción Popular Revolucionaria Popular
ARI	Afirmación para una República Igualitaria
ASP	Asamblea por la Soberanía de los Pueblos - Assembly for People’s Sovereignity
AUC	Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia
BID	Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo
CAN	Comunidad Andina de Naciones; Andean Community of Nations
CDR	Comités de Defensa de la Revolución
CFTC	Coordinadora de Federaciones del Trópico de Chapare
CIDH	Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
COB	Central Obrera Boliviana
COFENAE	Confederación de Nacionalidades de la Amazonia Ecuatoriana
COHA	Commission of Hemispheric Affairs
CONAIE	Confederación de Naciones Indígenas de Ecuador
COPEI	Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente
CPA	Central de Trabajadores Argentinos
CPT	Comissao Pastoral de Terra
CSUYCB	Confederación Sindical Unica de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia
CTU	Comités de Tierras Urbanas
CUT	Central Única dos Trabalhadores - United Workers Central
ECUARUNARI	Confederación de los Pueblos de Nacionalidad Kichua del Ecuador
ELN	Ejército de Liberación Nacional
FARC	Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia
FSTMB	Federación Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia
FTA	Free Trade Agreement
FTAA	Free Trade Area of the Americas
GDP	Gross Domestic Product
HROs	Human rights organizations
IACHR	Inter-American Commission of Human Rights
IADB	Inter-American Development Bank
IDPs	Internally displaced people
ILO	International Labour Organisation
IMF	International Monetary Fund
LNG	Liquid natural gas
MAS	Movimiento al Socialismo
MERCOSUR	Mercado Común del Sur - Common Market of the South
mill.	Millions
MNC	Multinational Corporation
MNR	Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario
MST	Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem terra
MVR	Movimiento Quinta República
OAS	Organization of American States
OEA	Organización de Estados Americanos
PANES	Plan de Asistencia Nacional a la Emergencia Social
PDA	Polo Democrático Alternativo
PDVSA	Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.
PFL	Partido do Frente Liberal
PMDB	Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro
PNP	Partido Nacionalista Peruano
PODEMOS	Poder Democrático y Social
PP	Polo Patriótico
PT	Partido dos Trabalhadores - Worker’s Party
RN	Renovación Nacional
TCP	Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos
TLC	Tratado de Libre Comercio
UCR	Unión Cívica Radical - Radical Civic Union
UN	Frente de Unidad Nacional
UN	Unidad Nacional
UN	United Nations
UPP	Unión por el Perú
USA	United States of America
USD	United States Dollar
YPFB	Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales de Bolivia

Appendixes

Map 1: Existing and planned gas pipelines in South America, 2006

Source: The Economist 11^th february 2006

1 Key national figures such as population, macro-economic figures, poverty and government expenditure are presented in Table 1, Annexes.

2 Hall and Patrinos (2005).

3 The Economist, May 4th, 2006.

4 Chile was ranked to be the sixth most attractive regions for mining investments in the world after five states in USA/Canada, while the copper mines in Chile and Argentina were the lowest tax rates in the world in 1996, followed by other Latin American countries, as referred to in IIES (2002).

5 In the Latin American context, the Colombian arrangement is the one which resembles the Norwegian system the most. The Joint Venture arrangement is close to the SDØE, refunding both exploration costs and investments, but does not give any deduction possibility for failed exploration costs for the multi-national companies as Norway now opens for.

6 The main MNCs are Alberta Energy, Repsol YPF, Agip, and Occidental Petroleum.

7 Vigila Perú (2005).

8 Barrantes et al. (2005).

9 The normal sales tax is also mostly refunded due to the special agreements achieved by this industry.

10 Academia has become increasingly interested in studying how local communities now are actually able to influence the development of large scale MNC project, e.g. Gil (2006).

11 According to Vigila Peru (2005), the distribution of USD 310 mill in natural resource tax income in 2004 was 40% from the petroleum sector, 41% mining, 10% hydropower, 2% fisheries, and 7% gas (no tax income from forestry).

12 Pluspetrol Peru Corporation S.A. (operator), Hunt Oil Company of Peru, SK Corporation and Tecpetrol del Peru (fully owned by Techint Group).

13 Transportadora de Gas del Perú (TGP) is the Peruvian company in charge of the Transportation project. It is led by Tecgas N.V. and formed by other international companies: Pluspetrol Resources Corporation; Hunt Oil Company.; Sonatrach Petroleum corporation B.V.I.; Graña y Montero S.A.; SK Corporation; and Tractebel.

14 The Peru-LNG Consortium consisting of Hunt Oil and SK.

15 FAO(2006) statistics.

16 E.g. The Economist February 11, 2006.

17 Among the world reference prices on gas, we find New Orleans with 5.9 USD/mmbtu and the Netherlands with 4.4 USD/mmbtu, Trinidad in the middle with 1.6 USD/mmbtu and the lowest in the Middle East with 0.5-1 USD/mmbtu according to Yara (2006). The industry in Qatar can probably buy as low as 0.25 USD/mmbtu for the gas tapped unilaterally from a field which partly belongs to Iran.

18 Such as gold, platinum, copper, sugar, oil and aluminium. Dagens Næringsliv, May 11, 2006.

19 A similar development is taking place in Africa.

20 The American Convention on Human Rights was adopted in 1969. The Convention entered into force in 1978. As of August of 1997, it has been ratified by 25 countries: Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay and Venezuela.