Filologiya
məsələləri, № 7, 2017
221
ask “How can my students best learn the language? The focus has shifted
from the teacher to the learner, and with this has come the realization that
each learner is an individual, with distinct needs learning styles mental
schemata and attitudes. And to further complicate matters ,not only do
different learners have different overall learning styles, but an individual
learner utilizes different approaches to learning at different stages in the
learning process. Gagne has identified eight different types of learning,
including stimulus-response learning, learning of concepts, and problem
solving, among others. Depending on the content and difficulty of the
subject matter, the learner would apply one or more of these different types
of learning in a given situation .Evidently if the teacher is to be aware of
these multiple individual cognitive and personality factors and able to
diagnose and utilize them to the fullest, he must have more than a passing
knowledge of recent investigations in psychology.2.Eclecticism .Having
come to the realization that each learner possesses distinct cognitive and
personality traits ,it follows that one teaching methodology will not be the
most appropriate for all students. The recent tendency has there for been
toward eclecticism selecting materials and techniques from various sources.
This obviously puts a much larger responsibility on the teacher, for now he
should be familiar with a much wider range of materials, exercises and
activities than before It is no longer simply a matter of picking up the
textbook and teaching it. A much broader training in pedagogy is now called
for.3.Communication tendency: communication and social Politzer
(1961:19)once said in a Social Context .There are two important points to be
made regarding this third general: “The other possibility….that has been
proved feasible ….is to eliminate meaning almost totally from the initial
phase of language instruction.It is entirely possible to teach the major
patterns of a foreign language without letting the student know what he is
saying .Only after the student has gained complete and automatic control
over the grammatical patterns would he be acquainted with the precise
meaning of what he has learned.This, in fact, is what frequently happened
with the audiolingual method. Students ”parroted” phrases, with no idea of
what they were saying .Or, in more formal terminology, they demonstrated
“linguistic competence”.(Chomsky)but not ”communicative competence
“(Hymes). Now we recognize the importance of what a language does is
enable as well as what it is (function) enable us to communicate .According
to Hymes, communicative competence is what a person “needs “to know in
order to communicate effectively in culturally linguistic structure. One
must also possess the appropriate schemata regarding the culture of the
language being learned in order to understand the communication effectively
In culturally significant situations .”It is not enough to acquire knowledge of
Filologiya məsələləri, № 7, 2017
222
Linguistic structure. One must also possess the appropriate schemata
regarding the culture of the language being learned
in order to understand the
communication and be able to respond using the vocabulary and the
structure that correspond to a specific social situation :, hence the growing
importance of sociology in language teaching. How is a language teacher to
cope with all this? Thirty years ago ,using the audiolingual method ,her role
was sometimes caricatured as that of a “combination drill sergeant and
conductor”---a relatively more easy role to play ,since most activities were
well programmed .Today ,however ,she she is a “facilitator” of learning ,and
her classroom may well bear resemblance to a jam session than to a
Beethoven concert. Today”s language teacher must manipulate much more
information in several different areas of knowledge. The problem lies not
only in the amount
of information to be mastered,
but in the organization and
application of that knowledge to a practical situation. In other words ,how
can she use her knowledge of linguistic ,psychology ,sociology and
pedagogy to help her students learn English?.While the emphasis in
education today is on the student as the focus of learning ,it must be
remembered that the teacher is still the person specially trained to guide the
student ,help him select appropriate learning materials ,and create a positive
classroom environment. ..In order to perform these tasks ,the language
teacher should have access to three main types of information about the
students: (1)psychological factors,(2) personal needs ,and (3)social factors
.Regarding the psychological factors ,three areas
are of particular importance
(a)schemata ,(b)cognitive style ,and(c)affective factors.
Ədəbiyyat:
1. Selected Articles from the English Teaching Forum.
2. English proficiency testş(Carroll Johnş1986)
3. Language
testing
4. Klink Bradley,1989.
5. “Language Testing.”,
6. Marques Nelson Salasar 2010.
R.Məmmədova
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