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children of a wife who is not a favorite with him. Likewise, it is haram for one relative to deprive another
eligible relative of his inheritance by means of a trick. It is Allâh Subhanahu wa Ta‘ala Himself, Who, out of
His knowledge, wisdom and justice, has established the distribution of inheritance in order to give each
eligible person his or her share, and He has commanded mankind to remain within the limits of His
legislation; hence, anyone who deviates from His system in the distribution of shares offends his Lord.
Allâh Ta‘ala has mentioned matters of inheritance in three verses of the Qur‘ân. At the end of the first verse
He says,...Your fathers or your sons: you do not know which of them is nearer to you in benefit. This is an
obligation ordained by Allâh; indeed, Allâh is Knower, Wise. (4:11) After the second such verse He
says,...Which is not injurious (to the rightful heirs): a charge from Allâh, and Allâh is Knowing, Forbearing.
Those are the limits of Allâh, and whoever obeys Allâh and His Messenger, He will admit him to Gardens
beneath which rivers flow, to abide therein, and that is the supreme achievement. But whoever disobeys
Allâh and His Messenger and transgresses His limits, He will admit him to Fire, to abide therein, and he shall
have a humiliating punishment. (4:12-14) And at the end of the third such verse He says,...Allâh makes clear
to you (His laws) so that you do not err; and Allâh has knowledge of all things. (4:176)
Accordingly, whoever disobeys Allâh’s laws of inheritance has deviated from the just course made plain by
Him, transgressing His limits, and must expect the punishment promised him:...the Fire, to abide therein,
and his shall be a humiliating punishment. (4:14)
Disobedience to Parents: A Major Sin
It is the right of parents that their children should treat them with kindness, obedience, and honor. Devotion
to parents is a natural instinct which must be strengthened by deliberate actions. The rights of the mother
are stressed the more because of her suffering during pregnancy and childbirth, her suckling of the child,
and her role in rearing it. In the words of Allâh Ta‘ala: And We have enjoined on man kindness to his
parents. His mother carries him in pain and she gives birth to him in pain, and (the period) of carrying him
and weaning him is thirty months....(46:15) Once a man came to the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) and asked, ‘Who is
most deserving of my good companionship?‘ ‘Your mother,‘ replied the Prophet (s.a.w.s.). ‘Who next?‘ the
man asked. ‘Your mother,‘ replied the Prophet (s.a.w.s.). ‘Who next?‘ he asked. ‘Your mother,‘ replied the
Prophet (s.a.w.s.). ‘Who next?‘ asked the man. ‘Your father,‘ replied the Prophet. (Compiled by al-Bukhâri
and Muslim.)
The Prophet (s.a.w.s.) declared disobedience to parents to be a major sin, second only to ascribing partners
to Allâh, as has been stated in the Qur‘ân. Al-Bukhâri and Muslim report his saying, ‘Shall I not inform you
about the three major sins?‘ Those who were present replied, ‘Yes, O Messenger of Allâh.’ He said
‘Associating partners with Allâh and disobedience to parents,‘ and sitting up from the reclining position, he
continued, ‘and telling lies and false testimony; beware of it.’ He also said, “Three persons shall not enter the
Garden: the one who is disobedient to his parents, the pimp, and the woman who imitates men.’‘ (Reported
by al-Nisai, al-Bazzar on the authority of excellent transmitters, and al-Hakim) and, “Allâh defers (the
punishment of) all sins to the Day of Resurrection excepting disobedience to parents, for which Allâh
punishes the sinner in this life before his death.” (Reported by al-Hakim, on the authority of sound
transmitters.)
Moreover, Islâm emphasizes treating parents kindly, especially when they grow old. As their strength fails,
they require more attention and care, and more consideration of their even more sensitive feelings.
Concerning this the Qur‘ân says, Thy Rabb hath decreed that you worship none but Him and that you be
kind to parents. If one or both of them attain old age with thee, do not say a word of annoyance (Literally,
“Do not say Uff! (an expression of annoyance) to them.” (Trans.)) to them nor repulse them, but speak to
them in gracious words and in mercy lower to them the wing of humility and say, My Lord, bestow Thy mercy
othem, as they cherished me when I was little....(17:23-24)
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In explaining this verse, a commentator says, “If a lesser thing than saying ‘Uff!‘ tparents were known to
Allâh, He would have prohibited (even that).”
Insulting Parents: A Major Sin
In addition to the foregoing, the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) not only prohibited insulting or cursing one’s parents but
declared it to be a major sin. He said, ‘Among the major sins is a man’s cursing his parents.’ The people who
were present wondered how a sane and believing individual could curse his own parents, and enquired,
‘How is it possible for a man to curse his own parents?‘ The Prophet (s.a.w.s.) replied, ‘He insults another
man’s father, and then the other insults his father, and he insults the other’s mother, and the other returns
the insult to his mother.’ (Compiled by al-Bukhâri and Muslim.)
The Parent’s Consent for Jihad
Pleasing one’s parents is considered so important in Islâm that the son is forbidden to volunteer for jihad
without his parent’s permission, in spite of the fact that fighting in the cause of Allâh (jihad fi sabeel Allâh)
has such great merit in Islâm that the merit of a person who spends his nights in prayer and his days in
fasting falls short of it.
Narrated ‘Abdullah bin ‘Amr bin al-‘As, A man came to the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) and asked his permission to go
for jihad. The Prophet (s.a.w.s.) asked, ‘Are your parents living?‘ ‘Yes,‘ he replied. The Prophet (s.a.w.s.)
then said, ‘Then strive in their service,‘ (Compiled by al-Bukhâri and Muslim.) meaning that taking care of
parents is a greater obligation than ‘`had in the cause of Allâh.
‘Abdullah also narrated, A man came to the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) and said, ‘I take the oath of allegiance to you
for hijrah (emigration to Medinah) and jihad, seeking reward from Allâh.’ The Prophet (s.a.w.s.) enquired
whether either of his parents were living. On his replying that both of them were, the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) said,
‘Are you (really) seeking reward from Allâh?‘ ‘Yes,‘ the man said. The Prophet (s.a.w.s.) then said, ‘Go back
to your parents and be a good companion to them.’(Compiled by Muslim.) ‘Abdullah further narrated, A man
came to the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) and said, ‘I have come to swear allegiance to you for hijrah, and I have left
my parents weeping.’ The Prophet (s.a.w.s.) said to him, ‘Return to them and make them laugh as you made
them weep.’ (Compiled by al-Bukhâri and others.)
Abû Sa‘id reported that A man from Yemen migrated to Madinah to be with the Prophet (s.a.w.s.). The
Prophet (s.a.w.s.) asked him, ‘Do you have any relatives in Yemen?‘ He answered, ‘My parents.’ ‘Did you
get their permission?‘ the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) asked. On his replying that he did not, the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) told
him, ‘Go back to them and ask their permission. If they agree to it, go on jihad. Otherwise stay and serve
them.’ (Reported by Abû Daoud.)
Non-Muslim Parents
It is one of the beauties of Islâm that, with respect to the treatment of parents, it forbids the Muslim to be
disrespectful to them even if they should be non-Muslims who are fanatical to the point of arguing with him
and putting pressure on him to renounce Islâm. Says Allâh Ta‘ala:...Be grateful to Me and to thy parents; to
Me is (the final) goal. But if they strive to compel thee to associate with Me that of which thou hast no
knowledge, do not obey them; but keep company with them in this life in a kind manner and follow the way
of those who turn to Me. Then to Me will be your return and I will inform you (of the meaning of) all that you
did. (31:14-15)
In these two verses the Muslim is commanded not to obey his parents in what they try to tell him to do in this
regard, since there cannot be obedience to a creature in sin against the Creator—and what sin could be
greater than associating partners with Allâh? At the same time, he is commanded to treat them honorably in
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