Indledning

Kap. 9 Litteraturliste

9.1 Bøger

• 
  Adler, Friedrich, Victor Adler – Briefwechsel mit August Bebel und Karl Kautsky, Wien, Verlag der wiener volksbuchhandlung, 1954
  

• 
  Bernstein, Eduard, Eduard Bernsteins Briefwechsel Mit Friedrich Engels, Assen, Van Gorcum & Comp., 1970
  
• 
  Bernstein, Eduard, Sosialismens Forutsetninger, Oslo, Pax, 1973
  
• 
  Blumenberg, Werner, August Bebels Briefwechsel mit Friedrich Engels, Haag, Mouton & co, 1965
  
• 
  Broué, Pierre, The German Revolution 1917-1923, London, Merlin, 2006
  
• 
  Cole, G.D.H., A History of Socialist Thought vol. 2-4, London : Macmillan, 1953
  
• 
  Dominick, Raymond H., Wilhelm Liebknecht and the founding of the German Social Democratic Party, Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press 1982
  
• 
  Engels, Friedrich, Anti-Dühring, København, Sputnik, 1984
  
• 
  Engels, Friedrich, Socialismens Udvikling fra Utopi til Videnskab, København, Forlaget Tiden, 1973
  
• 
  Fletcher, Roger, Bernstein to Brandt, London : Edward Arnold, 1987
  
• 
  Frölich, Paul, Rosa Luxemburg – Her Life and Work, New York, Howard Fertig, 1969
  
• 
  Gustafsson, Bo, Marxism och Revisionism: Eduard Bernsteins kritik av marxismen och dess idéhistoriska förutsättningar, Uppsala, Svenska Bokförlaget, 1969
  
• 
  Guttsman, W.L., The German Social Democratic Party 1875-1933, London, George Allen & Unwin, 1981
  
• 
   Illustrierte Geschichte der deutchen Revolution, Berlin, Verlag neue kritik, 1929
  
• 
  Kautsky, Karl, Demokrati eller diktatur, København: Fremad, 1919
  
• 
  Kautsky, Karl, Vejen til Magten, Dragør, Rhodos Teoretiske Skrifter, 1978
  
• 
  Kautsky, Karl, Det Socialistiske Program (Erfurterprogrammet), Kristiania, Det norske arbeiderpartis forlag, 1914
  
• 
   Kolakowski, Leszek, Main Currents of Marxism, New York, W.W. Norton & co, 2005
  
• 
  Lidtke, Vernon L., The Outlawed Party, Social Democracy in Germany, 1878-1890, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1966
  
• 
  Luxemburg, Rosa, Politiske Skrifter, København, Tiderne skifter, 1976
  
• 
  Luxemburg, Rosa, Rosa Luxemburg Speaks, New York, Pathfinder Press, 1970
  
• 
  Luxemburg, Rosa, Socialreform eller revolution, Haslev, Gyldendal, 1969
  
• 
  Marquardt, Ole, Den jyske historiker 2 – Det tyske Socialdemokrati. En analyse af SPDs og fagforeningernes teori og praksis, Aarhus, Modtryk, 1975
  
• 
  Marx-arbeitsgruppe historiker, Introduktion til kapitalens første bind, København, Kurasje, 1972
  
• 
  Marx, Karl og Engels, Friedrich, Udvalgte Skrifter, København, Forlaget Tiden, 1973
  
• 
  Marx, Karl og Engels, Friedrich, Collected works, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 2001
  
• 
  Marx, Karl og Engels, Friedrich, Det kommunistiske manifest & Den tyske ideologi, København, Det lille forlag, 2004
  
• 
  Mishark, John W., The Road to Revolution : German Marxism and World War I, 1914-1919, Detroit, Moira Books, 1967
  
• 
  Morgan, David W.,  The Socialist Left and German Revolution : a history of the German independent social democratic party, Ithaca, Cornell University Press 1975
  
• 
  Salvadori, Massimo, Karl Kautsky and the Socialist Revolution 1880-1938, 1979
  
• 
  Schleifstein, Josef, Indføring i studiet af Marx, Engels og Lenin, København, Forlaget Tiden, 1975
  
• 
  Schorske, Carl E., German Social Democracy 1905-1917: The development of the great schism, Harper & Row, 1972
  
• 
  Steinberg, Hans-Josef, Sozialismus und Deutsche Sozialdemokratie: Zur Ideologie der Partei vor dem 1. Weltkrieg, Berlin, J. H. W. Dietz, 1976
  
• 
  Steger, Manfred B., The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein and Social Democracy, Cambridge : Cambridge university press, 2006
  
• 
  Tudor, H. og Tudor, J. M., Marxism and Social Democracy, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1988
  

9.2 Artikler

• 
  Carsten, F. L., Georg von Vollmar: A Bavarian Social Democrat, taget fra Journal of contemporary History, vol. 25 nr. 2-3 1990, side 317-335
  
• 
  Glebe-Møller, Jens, Bernstein og Revolution, taget fra Filosofi og videnskabsteori på Roskilde universitetscenter, Vol. 1 juni 1979, side 110-134
  

• 
  Knudsen, Knud, Uvikling og Fremskridt – i den internationale arbejderbevægelses ideologi, teorier og strategi frem til 1. Verdenskrig, taget fra Årbog for arbejderbevægelsens historie, Tema udvikling og fremskridt s. 9-53, SFAH, Aarhus, 1986
  
• 
  Kocka, Jürgen, How can one make labour history interesting again?, taget fra European Review, Vol. 9, No. 2, 201–212, Cambridge, 2001
  
• 
  Steger, Manfred B., Friedrich Engels and the origins of germen revisionism: Another look, taget fra Socialism – Critical concepts in political science, Routledge, London, 2003
  

Kap. 10 Summary in English

The main purpose of this thesis has been to analyze the overall reasons for the German Social Democratic Party’s, SPD, change in policy by the end of the first World War, where the party turned away from their revolutionary foundation and instead fought actively against the revolution to preserve the existing society.

In the period from the party’s foundation in 1860’s to the abolition of the antisocialist laws in 1890, we have found two essential factors which eventually influenced the party’s change in policy. Firstly, there is a division in the party from its foundation. The party is torn between the ideas of Ferdinand Lassalle and those of orthodox Marxist conviction, August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht. The consequence of this becomes, that the party executive, afraid that division will eventually lead to a split in the newly founded party, decides to compromise with the party’s theoretical conviction and instead focus on party unity. Secondly, the party founds its theoretical conviction on Engels’ Anti-Dühring, which becomes an important tool for agitation for the party. This work had theoretical shortcomings in regard to Marx’ own work, but were nonetheless incorporated into the party’s official theoretical foundation. The shortcomings can ex. be seen in the works of the party’s leading theoretician, Karl Kautsky, in regard to his theory about revolution.

In the period from 1890 to 1900 three factors influenced the party’s development. Firstly, there is the Erfurt Program, which incorporated the before mentioned theoretical inconsistencies, and through a section containing immediate tactical goals for the party, laid the foundation for the later inconsistencies between theory and practice, that ultimately tore the party apart. Secondly, the handling of the reformist leader Georg von Vollmar, who were not excluded from the party because of his massive support in Bavaria, even though he went against the party’s theoretical foundation. Thirdly, there is the handling of Eduard Bernstein after his challenge to the party’s orthodox Marxist foundation, which he wanted to revise. The party’s treatment of these two shows, that it fails to keep a stringent theoretical line already at the first challenges. Instead the party executive’s reaction is to give the building of a mass party priority over a consistent theoretical line.

The period from 1900 to the outbreak of the First World War is characterized by the ongoing struggle between reform and revolution. It is in this period, that the rightwing consolidates its power within the party, which the appointment of Friedrich Ebert to party chairman attests to. In this period, there are numerous examples that show the rightwings increasing dominance within the party. A couple these are, that the party’s rightwing in cooperation with the unions took control over the use of mass strikes as a weapon in the struggle against the existing state, and that they engaged in parliamentary cooperation with the bourgeois parties (the Progressives and the National Liberals) in the 1912 election to the Reichstag.

The last period covers the war and the revolution, 1914-1919. In this period we clearly see two essential themes, the SPD’s decision to support the war and their actions during the revolution. Before the war the rightwing is completely in control of the party, which forces supporters of the orthodox Marxist foundation together with those who oppose the war, to leave the party along with the leftwing. This resulted in the foundation of the USPD and the revolutionary Spartacist League. During the revolution the SPD strived to achieve absolute power and to preserve the existing society. The SPD is able to obtain power through their alliance with the army, and also because of the indecisiveness of the UPSD and the Spartacists.

All in all our analysis draws a picture of a party that never completely overcomes its internal differences. As soon as one challenge has been overcome, the next problem presents itself, never allowing the party to settle and develop a clear political profile. The problematic relationship between theory and practice given in the Erfurt Program contributes to this. The party finds itself in a constant drift towards the right, even in the Bebel years. With Eberts appointment to chairman the party completely abolishes its former revolutionary character and participates consistently in the parliamentary process. And seeing that power is available and ultimately that their goals are attainable without revolution, the SPD fights actively against this radical change of society.

1 Illustrierte (1929) s. 68

2 Se Marx’ Kritik af Gothaprogrammet taget fra Marx/Engels udvalgte skrifter bd. 1 (1973) s. 13

3 Marquardt (1975) s. 32

4 Kocka (2001) s. 201-212

5 Marquardt (1975) s. 34-39

6 Marquardt (1975) s. 32

7 Marx’ forord Til kritikken af den politiske økonomi citeret fra Marx/Engels bd. 1 (1973) s. 355-356

8 Ibid.

9 Ibid.

10 Marx Den Tyske Ideologi citeret fra Marx/Engels (2004) s. 63-66

11 Marx og Engels Det Kommunistiske Manifest citeret fra Marx/Engels bd. 1 (1973) s. 27

12 Ibid. s. 59

13 Marx efterskriftet til Kapitalens 2. udgave citeret fra Marx/Engels collected works bd. 35 s. 19

14 Schleifstein (1975) s. 68

15 Ibid. s. 69

16 Ibid. s. 74

17 Ibid.

18 Marx-arbeitsgruppe historiker (1972) s. 42

19 Schleifstein (1975) s. 156

20 Ibid. 156-157

21 Kolakowski (2005) s. 244

22 Ibid.

23 Marquardt m.fl. (1975) s. 35

24 Marx og Engels Det kommunistiske manifest citeret fra Marx/Engels bd. 1 (1973) s. 32

25 Kolakowski (2005) s. 246

26 Engels i Democratic Review, London, marts 1850. Her citeret fra ibid. s. 247

27 Marx Kapitalen citeret fra Marx/Engels Collected Works bd. 35 s. 750

28 Kolakowski (2005) s. 249

29 Engels (1973) s. 64-65

30 Ibid. s. 64

31 Ibid.

32 Marquardt m.fl. (1975) s. 37

33 Engels (1973) s. 65-68

34 Ibid s. 66

35 Ibid s. 61

36 Engels (1984) s. 296

37 Ibid

38 Ibid s. 297

39 Ibid s. 298

40 Marquardt (1975) s. 40-41

41 Engels (1973) s. 76-78

42 Ibid s. 76

43 Ibid. s. 78

44 Knudsen (1986) s. 40

45 Ibid.

46 Kautsky (1978) s. 57

47 Ibid. s. 58

48 Ibid. s. 59

49 Kautsky (1914) s. 99

50 Ibid. s. 101

51 Kolakowski (2005) s. 358

52 Ibid. s. 390

53 Carsten (1990) s. 321

54 Ibid.

55 Kolakowski (2005) s. 365

56 Bernstein (1973) s. 119

57 Steger (2006) s. 109

58 Bernstein i Socialismens Forudsætninger, her citeret fra ibid. s. 112

59 Bernstein (1973) s. 115

60 Ibid. 112-114

61 Gay (1962) s. 145

62 Bernstein (1973) s. 135

63 Ibid. s. 136

64 Gay (1962) s. 146

65 Ibid.

66 Bernstein (1973) s. 185-186

67 Kolakowski (2005) s. 439

68 Bernstein (1973) s. 187

69 Glebe-Møller (1979) s. 110-116

70 Ibid. s. 116

71 Kolakowski (2005) s. 439

72 Ibid.

73 Glebe-Møller (1979) s. 116-117

74 Bernstein (1973) s. 199

75 Ibid. s. 195-205

76 Ibid. s. 203

77 Bernstein i Crime and the Masses citeret fra Tudor (1988) s. 109-110

78 Ibid. s. 118

79 Liversage citeret fra Luxemburg (1976) s. 12-18

80 Nettl (1966) s. 498

81 Ibid. s. 830-831

82 Kolakowski (2005) s. 415

83 Luxemburg (1969) s. 50

84 Kolakowski (2005) s. 416

85 Luxemburg (1969) s. 75

86 Kolakowski (2005) s. 417

87 Luxemburg (1969) s. 81

88 Luxemburg The mass strike, the political party and the trade unions citeret fra Luxemburg (1970) s. 162

89 Ibid. s. 186

90 Ibid. s. 199

91 Ibid. s. 214

92 Ibid. s. 202

93 Luxemburg Den tyske revolution citeret fra Luxemburg (1976) s. 262

94Luxemburg The mass strike, the political party and the trade unions citeret fra Luxemburg (1970) s. 205

95 Kolakowski (2005) s. 420

96 Luxemburg Den tyske revolution citeret fra Luxemburg (1976) s. 262

97Ibid. s. 274-275

98 Ibid. s. 275-276

99 Ibid. s. 276-277

100 Ibid. s. 277

101 Luxemburg Udkast til Juniusteserne citeret fra Luxemburg (1976) s. 209-210

102 Steger (2006) s. 34

103 Fletcher (1987) s. 8

104 Marquardt (1975) s. 22-23

105 Ibid.

106 Steinberg (1976) s. 20

107 Fletcher (1987) s. 8

108 Marquardt (1975) s. 24

109 Ibid.

110 Tudor og Tudor (1988) s. 1

111 Marquart (1975) s. 27

112 Dominick (1982) s. 41

113 Tudor og Tudor (1988) s. 1

114 Marquardt (1975) s. 32

115 Steinberg (1976) s. 18

116 Steger (2006) s. 37

117 Marx ”Kritik af Gothaprogrammet” taget fra Marx/Engels bd. 2 (1973) s. 21

118 ”Gothaprogrammet” taget fra Marquardt (1975) s. 161

119 Marx ”Kritik af Gothaprogrammet” fra Marx/Engels bd. 2 (1973) s. 24

120 Ibid. s. 9

121 Marquardt (1975) s. 46

122 Ibid s. 44

123 Gay (1962) s. 36

124 Steger (2006) s. 37

125 Steinberg (1976) s. 19

126 Ibid.

127 Ibid. s. 22

128 Steger (2006) s. 39

129 Ibid.

130 Engels ”Socialismens udvikling fra utopi til videnskab” citeret fra Marx/Engels bd. 2 (1973) s. 89

131 Dette var det nye navn for det blad, som tidligere hed Volksstaat. Bladet skiftede navn efter partisammenlægningen for at skabe forening i det nye parti.

132 Engels ”Socialismens udvikling fra utopi til videnskab” citeret fra Marx/Engels bd. 2 (1973) s. 89

133 Marquardt (1975) s. 33-34

134 Ibid.

135 Ibid. s. 77

136 Kautsky (1978) s. 163

137 Dominick (1982) s. 265

138 Fletcher m.fl. (1987) s. 17

139 Lidtke (1966) s. 77

140 Loven blev herefter fornyet fire gange i perioden 1878-1890.

141 ”Law against the publicly dangerous endeavors of social-democracy” taget fra Lidtke (1966) s.339

142 Dominick (1982) s. 268

143 Steinberg (1976) s. 23

144 Steger (2006) s. 42

145 Gay (1962) s. 41

146 Steinberg (1976) s. 29

147 Salvadori (1979) s. 41

148 Brev fra Engels til Bebel d. 22.-24. juni 1885. Citeret fra Blumenberg (1965) s. 228

149 Steger (2006) s. 42

150 Gay (1962) s. 52-54

151 Mishark (1967) s. 26

152 Dominick (1982) s. 346

153 Ibid.

154 Ibid. s. 347

155 Engels’ Forordet til “kritik af Gothaprogrammet” citeret fra Marx/Engels bd. 2 (1973) s. 7

156 Steger (2006) s. 59

157 Steger (2003) s. 240

158 Ibid.

159 Mishark (1967) s. 26

160 Steenson (1978) s. 93-94

161 Dominick (1982) s. 357

162 Steenson (1978) s. 94

163 Brev fra Engels til Kautsky den 23. februar 1891, citeret fra Marx/Engels bd. 2 (1973) s. 39-42

164 Brev fra Bebel til Engels d. 21. januar 1891 citeret fra Blumenberg (1965) s. 406-407

165 Steenson (1978) s. 95-96

166 Dominick (1982) s. 363

167 Ibid.

168 Carsten (1990) s. 320

169 Ibid. s. 321

170 Mishark (1967) s. 26

171 Carsten (1990) s. 323

172 Ibid.

173 Steger (2006) s. 61

174 Brev fra Engels til Bebel d. 24. [-26.] oktober 1891 citeret fra Blumenberg (1965) s. 461

175 Steenson (1978) s. 98

176 Dominick (1982) s. 363

177 Steenson (1978) s. 99

178 Dominick (1982) s. 362

179 Ibid. s. 363

180 Brev fra Engels til Bebel d. 24. [-26.] oktober 1891 citeret fra Blumenberg (1965) s. 461-462

181 Steger (2006) s. 64

182 Erfurt-programmet citeret fra Marquardt (1975) s. 163

183 Gay (1962) s. 63

184 Ibid.

185 Steinberg (1976) s. 61

186 Salvadori (1979) s. 31

187 Erfurtprogrammet citeret fra Marquardt (1975) s. 164

188 Erfurtprogrammet citeret fra Marquardt (1975) s. 165-166

189 Steger (2003) s. 239

190 Brev fra Engels til Liebknecht d. 9. marts 1890 citeret fra Marx/Engels Collected Works bd. 48 s. 459

191