INTRODUCTION: SECTION ONE
xvii
definition of pragmatism; the action of Divine Providence, which
became James’s later doctrine of tychism; the influx of divine power
into the field of normal waking consciousness, which was James’s
later statement on mystical awakening; and the concept of ration-
ality.
6
This was not the mere rationality of the logicians, however;
it was reason, based on our intuitions and their visible effects in
action.
Eventually, in the work of some transcendentalist writers, poets,
and visual artists, Swedenborgian and transcendentalist thought
became so fused that only a concatanated name can really apply
to the spiritual teachings of the era. It was a Swedenbiorgian and
transcendentalist milieu. It was Swedenborgian and transcendent-
alist thought. It was a Swedenborgian and transcendentalist world
view.
By the mid 1840s, Emerson’s Swedenborgianism became signifi-
cantly influenced by the ideas of Henry James, Sr, errant, utopian
socialist, father to William James the psychologist and Henry
the novelist Calvinist and later Swedenborgian philosopher of reli-
gion, who was an aspiring nineteenth century literary figure in his
own right. Emerson and James, Sr. met in New York through Horace
Greeley and Albert Brisbane, where Emerson was adopted into
the James family and had the family guest room named after him;
meanwhile christening the young William over his crib and thereby
becoming by family lore William’s official God Father.
7
When the James family went abroad, Emerson, in turn, intro-
duced Henry James, Sr. to Thomas Carlyle, where the Elder James
met philosophers, writers, statesmen, and socialites who were to
become significant in William and Henry’s subsequent careers. For
William, these included such figures as the utilitarian John Stewart
Mill and the empiricist, Alexander Bain, both of whose ideas figured
in the birth of American pragmatism.
After an intensely debilitating spiritual episode in 1844, through
Carlyle, Henry James Sr. was also led to the physician and translator
of Swedenborg’s scientific and medical writings, James John Garth
6
Taylor, E. I., The Spiritual Currents of American Pragmatism. Eight Lectures for the
Swedenborg Society at Harvard University, Oct. ’01–June ’02. In honor of the Centenary of
James’s Varieties. Swedenborg Chapel, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
7
Habegger, Alfred. The father: A life of Henry James, Sr. New York: Farrar, Straus, and
Giroux, 1994.
xviii
INTRODUCTION: SECTION ONE
Wilkinson, whose psycho-spiritual ministrations assisted James
the Elder in his subsequent recovery.
8
On their initial meeting,
Henry James, Sr. immediately became a convert to Swedenborg’s
writings and rushed out to buy the first of the books that now reside
in the famous trunk containing Henry James, Sr’s Swedenborg
collection.
9
The contents of this trunk tell us that, subsequently,
Henry James Sr. began subsidizing Wilkinson’s writings, while
each of them named offspring after the other’s family members.
Wilkinson would also develop his own relationship to William,
through their mutual interest in homeopathy, hypnosis, automatic
writing, mediumship, and altered states of consciousness.
10
For, you
see, Jamesean pragmatism was also a statement about the relation
of interior to exterior consciousness, a point modern analytic phil-
osophers have ignored.
Emerson, who had already known of Wilkinson through his
earlier correspondence with Carlyle, became acquainted with the
man personally through Henry James, Sr. Wilkinson assisted
Emerson in securing lectures while abroad in England, and Emerson
used Wilkinson’s biography of Swedenborg as the basis for his
chapter “Swedenborg, the Mystic” in Representative Men (1850).
11
William would later take Emerson’s message — that Swedenborg
revealed to us that God was within — as his primary theme of
The Varieties.
Henry James, Sr. and Wilkinson continued their close relation-
ship throughout the 1850s, the James family at one point even
residing as neighbors to the Wilkinson’s in England in 1855. That
winter, Henry, age 12, and William, age 13 were exposed to a succes-
sion of young female mediums, who would come to Dr. Wilkinson’s
house to be entranced and participate in experiments in automatic
writing. This, Professor Saul Rosenzweig has suggested, was a primary
origin of the stream of consciousness technique later developed by
8
Wilkinson, Clement John. James John Garth Wilkinson: A memoir of his life, with a
selection of his letters. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1911.
9
Deck, Ray, H., The “vastation” of Henry James, Sr.: New light on James’s Swedenborgian
theology.
Bulletin for Research in the Humanities, 83:2, 1980, 216–247.
10
List of the Manuscripts and books Prized by William James, autographed ms. in the
hand
of Alice Howe Gibbens James, n.d., James Papers,
Houghton Library, Harvard University.
#4581.
11
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, Representative men: Seven lectures. Boston: Phillips, Sampson,
1850.