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R E S E A R C H
newcomers accommodation in different
parts of the country was designed to avoid
a concentration of migrants’ in Holland’s
cities, but in reality, this proved difficult to
avoid, and it was not long before Hindus-
tani communities emerged in Amsterdam
(Bijlmermeer) and The Hague (Transvaal,
Schilderswijk). These communities found
themselves engaged in a process of search-
ing for and constructing an identity. This
process was itself complicated by the fact
that the Hindustani community in both
Suriname and in the Netherlands is both
linguistically and religiously disparate.
While some Hindustanis find themselves
happy under the umbrella of Surinamese
More than 175,000 Hindustanis (Indo-Surinamese) and non-resident Indians (NRIs) have made the Netherlands their
home. In fact, Holland’s Indian diaspora is the largest in continental Europe and a significant part of the Indian diaspora
worldwide. The diversity of the groups and the complicated relations between Hindustanis and NRIs make the picture
of the Indian diaspora in the country a multi-faceted mosaic. Yet, NRIs and Indo-Surinamese are united by their special
relationship with the sub-continent.
Double migrants, diversity and diasporas:
A snapshot of the Hindustani and non-resident Indian community
in the Netherlands.
Igor Kotin
T
he Indian diaspora has become the
subject of considerable academic
and practical attention. Scholars speak of
a global Indian diaspora or even diasporas
(Oonk). In 2000, a high-level committee
of the Indian Parliament, led by Dr L.M.
Singhvi (former member of parliament
and Indian High Commissioner to the
UK, 1991-1997), conducted a general sur-
vey of people of Indian origin (PIOs) and
non-resident Indians (NRIs) having com-
bined these two population groups with
Indian links into a single category of the
Indian diaspora. While some academics
doubt the validity of such a broad cat-
egory (Markovits), there is arguably much
usefulness in it now, as global travel and
communication lead to a revival, re-estab-
lishment and re-assessment of old links.
Western Europe and North America remain
two of the
most important migration des-
tinations for Indians and people of Indian
origin. In Europe, the United Kingdom has
the largest population of South Asians
- two million - well over half of whom are
Indian. The Indian diaspora in the Neth-
erlands is represented by both PIOs. ( the
Indo-Surinamese) and NRIs. The Nether-
lands has the second largest population
of PIOs on the continent. The majority,
approximately 160,000, are Hindustani
(Indo-Surinamese), double migrants with
Dutch citizenship. The remainder, some
15-20,000, are NRIs who came directly
from India and hold Indian passports.
(Their loyalty to India is expressed through
cultural activities and political lobbyism
in favour of India). The number of both
communities is rising. It is estimated that
between two and three thousand Indians
in Holland are illegal immigrants. There
are also about 20,000 Pakistanis in the
Netherlands, who are culturally close to
India and share a common history with
Indians.
The Lalla Rukh
Holland’s Hindustanis are descendents
of indentured workers transported to
Dutch Guyana (Suriname) from the terri-
tory which today forms the Indian states
of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, historically
known as Hindustan. The first ship carry-
ing human cargo from India was the Lalla
Rukh, and it landed in Suriname on the 5
th
June 1873, (making 2008 a special year for
the Hindustanis in Suriname who cele-
brate 135 years since their forefathers made
the journey to South America). Many Suri-
namese are familiar with the Lalla Rukh
from their history books, but it has also
given its name to a foundation for Indo-
Surinamese in the Netherlands. Some of
my informants claim to be descendents of
the first wave of 249 migrants transported
on this very ship. The Lalla Rukh was to
be followed by seven more ships, and in
all about 32,000 East Indians were deliv-
ered to Suriname before indentureship
was abolished. Interestingly, while several
thousand East Indians returned to India,
the family oral history of my informants
tells of their forefathers’ intention to return
to India, but the last ship left for the sub-
continent in 1920, and with all hopes of
repatriation. However, the ‘myth of return’
was born.
Suriname gained independence on
November 25, 1975. Subsequently, the peri-
od between 1975 and 1980 witnessed mass
movement of the Surinamese, including
those of Indian origin, to the Netherlands.
This can partly be explained by economi-
cal reasons, but fears of Creole domina-
tion in Suriname are also cited as a reason
for the massive Hindustani migration to
the Netherlands. Interracial relations in
Suriname are complex. Both competition
and cooperation between ethnic groups
occurs in Suriname and these traits have
been inherited by the Surinamese com-
munity in Holland. For many years, the
government of the Netherlands made no
allowances for these ethnic differences
between the Surinamese and dealt with
the community as an homogenous unit.
The consequences of this included a rise
in competition between the Creoles and
the Indo-Surinamese and attempts by the
latter to establish their own representative
groups such as ‘the Lalla Rukh’. Today, the
number of Surinamese in the Netherlands
is estimated to be 360,000 , more than
half of whom are Hindustani.
Economic and welfare provisions were
made by the government of the Nether-
lands for the newcomers from the former
colony. They were helped to find housing
and work. Many Hindustanis found jobs
as government and municipal employ-
ees, while some of them started their own
business, particularly as shop owners.
The government’s policy of offering the
identity, others prefer to stress their
‘Indianness’ instead.
Religion
Both the Hindustani and NRI communi-
ties in the Netherlands are multi-faith
groups. The majority of Hindustanis are
Hindus (80% or approximately 125,000).
The remainder are Muslims (16%) and
Christians (4%). In terms of the NRI com-
munity, there are approximately 2,000
Sikhs in addition to Hindus, Muslims and
Zoroastrians (Parsees).
The Indian and NRI Hindu communities
within the Netherlands are affiliated to
different sects (sampraday). The majority
of Hindustanis are traditionalist Sanatan
Hindus. Roughly 16% of them adhere to
the ‘Arya Samaj’, a Hindu reform move-
ment founded in India in 1875 by Swami
Dayananda. Research by Choenni shows,
however, that the differences among the
new generation of Hindustanis in Holland
are not that significant, and in fact many
Indian and NRI Hindus are unaware of
the nuances of traditionalist and reform-
ist Hinduism. Another study (Lynebakke),
claiming a significant divide between the
Hindustanis and the NRIs in Amsterdam,
admits the growing number of intermar-
riages between the young generation
Hindustanis and Holland-born Indians
of subcontinental origin. For the younger
generation (especially for the Hindus) reli-
gion is more a matter of belonging, rather
than active participation. There is howev-
er, some evidence that young Hindustani
Muslims are increasingly influenced by the
ideas of global Umma and Muslim broth-
erhood. My research suggests that among
NRI Muslims in the Netherlands, there is
considerable common ground between the
Pakistani community and Sarnami Hin-
dustani Muslims. For example. the Indian
language of Urdu is one of the languages
of religious instruction in their mosques.
The Hindustani Hindus are most eager to
claim their links to India. The 1980s saw a
significant number of marriages between
Surnami Hindu women and Indian men.
This produced a significant number of
children of mixed parentage but with
strong Indian links. These families usually
choose Standard Hindi as the language
of communication at home. (For a period
of time in late 1980s this trend stopped,
but increasingly now there appears to be
a renewed interest by Dutch-Indians and
Hindustanis in each other). Despite these
intermarriages, the Hindustanis and NRI
communities remain wary of each other.
Hindustanis from Suriname are often con-
sidered as being ‘low caste’ by the NRIs,
while the Hindustanis often view NRIs as
opportunists. Interestingly, a number of
illegal immigrants within the community
are Indians from India. So some Hindus-
tanis see Indians as being of a lower social
class. The existence of very influential
Indian businessmen in the Netherlands
and importance of the Brahman priests
among the Indo-Surinamese perpetuates
the stereotypes.
Language
It is apparent that for younger generations
of Hindustanis and Dutch-Indians, the
Dutch language and identity are impor-
tant. Those Hindustanis who were born
in the Netherlands are often not well-prac-
ticed in speaking and understanding Sur-
nami Hindi, also known as Sarnami. Sur-
nami Hindi is a derivative of local Indian
dialects close to Awadhi and Braj, and it
developed in isolation from the other Indo-
Aryan languages (Damsteegt). There also
Surinamese grocery store in
The Hague. Photo courtesy
of the author.