Souleimanov & Kraus
10
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The worsening of Turkish-Israeli relations in the early 2010s has prompted
Israel to place greater emphasis on a secular and friendly Azerbaijan. While
Azerbaijan has acquired sophisticated weaponry from Israel, taking
advantage of an important partner on the international scene, Israel has
purchased vast amounts of Azerbaijani oil. The growth of Israeli-Azerbaijani
cooperation has been a matter of much concern in Tehran. On various
occasions, Tehran has made explicit warnings to Baku to discontinue
cooperation. Speculations abounds of increased activities – and mutual
rivalry – between the Iranian and Israeli secret services on Azerbaijani
territory.
In the final analysis, the Azerbaijani question in Iran epitomizes the growing
intersection between the affairs of the South Caucasus and those of the Middle East.
Those seeking to weaken the Islamic Republic are likely to continue to monitor the
matter with interest; and domestic factors will ensure that it does not go away.
11
Introduction
The Islamic Republic of Iran is a country of multiple ethnic groups, where the share
of ethnic Persians makes up approximately half of the population. The remaining
population consists primarily of members of about ten ethnic groups of Turkic,
Iranian, and Semitic origin generally inhabiting compact territories of the country’s
northern, eastern, and western periphery.
1
The exact numbers of ethnic minorities
or even of the majority Persian population are not known, however, because the
Iranian census does not determine the nationalities of the country’s inhabitants, but
rather only notes their religious affiliation.
The Azerbaijanis are by far the most populous ethnic minority in Iran.
2
According
to various estimates, there are between 12 and 22 million of them living within the
territory of the Islamic Republic, accounting for up to a quarter of Iran’s total
population.
3
In a survey conducted by the Statistical Centre of Iran in 2002,
4
23,3
percent of Iranians responded that “Azerbaijani Turkish“ was their regional
language.
5
The majority of the Azerbaijani population inhabits the northwest
provinces of Iran that border Turkey, Armenia, and Iraq. This includes West
1
Among the Turkic ethnic groups are, in particular, Azerbaijanis, Turkmens, Qashqais, Afshars, and
Qajars. Apart from the dominant Persians, the other Iranian ethnic groups living within the territory
of the Islamic Republic are the Kurds, Lurs, Talyshs, Gilaks, Mazanderanis, Balochs, Pashtuns, and
Hazaras. Constituting a minority nationality of Semite origin are the many Arabs living mainly in the
southwest of the country near the shores of the Persian Gulf. The country also has a relatively
populous Armenian minority inhabiting Tehran, Isfahan, and Tabriz, and a number of smaller ethnic
communities such as the Persianized Georgians known as Fereydanians inhabiting the Fereydan
district of the Isfahan province in the central part of Iran.
2
Many terms are used to describe the Shi’ite, Turkic-speaking population of northwestern Iran.
Frequently the terms “Azerbaijani”, “Azerbaijani Turks”, “Azarbaijani Turks,” or in Iran simply
“Turks” (tork) are used to describe this group; and even within the group, terminology used for self-
identification will differ. The term ”Azerbaijani” will be used throughout this study.
3
A. William Samii estimates the share of Iran‘s Azerbaijanis at 24 per cent of the entire population. A.
William Samii, “The Nation and Its Minorities: Ethnicity, Unity and State Policy in Iran, Comparative
Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 20, no. 1-2 (2000):128-137.
4
Back then, Iran‘s population numbered some 65 million people, which would put the number of
those Azerbaijanis knowledgeable of their native tongue to around 16 million.
5
Quoted in Gilles Riaux, “The Formative Years of Azerbaijani Nationalism in Post-Revolutionary
Iran,“ Central Asian Survey 27, no. 1 (2008): 45-58.
Souleimanov & Kraus
12
Azerbaijan,
6
East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, and Zanjan,
7
and also parts of Gilan,
8
Hamadan, and Qazvin,
9
and others.
10
According to various estimates, a quarter to
a third of the population of Tehran consists of immigrants of Azerbaijani origin and
their first- or second-generation offspring.
11
Thus Tehran, a city of around 13
million inhabitants within its metropolitan area, is often referred to as having the
Azerbaijani population on earth outside Azerbaijan.
12
There is also a quite sizeable
population of Azerbaijanis in other large Iranian cities in the central part of the
country, but their numbers are difficult to determine, in part because of the
considerable number of mixed marriages between ethnic Azerbaijanis and
members of other Iranian ethnic groups, especially Persians.
In view of their large numbers and their corresponding representation among
members of the Iranian elite, as well as their territorial concentration, the loyalty of
Iran’s Azerbaijanis to the Tehran government is of key importance for preserving
the regime and maintaining the territorial integrity of the Islamic Republic. The
growing nationalist, federalist, and in extreme cases, even separatist – seeking the
creation of an independent Azerbaijan from Iran’s mostly Azerbaijani provinces –
or irredentist – joining with the post-Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan and/or with
Turkey – tendencies among the Azerbaijani minority are therefore increasingly
viewed by the Iranian government as a security threat requiring heightened
attention.
6
A major portion of the population there consists of Kurds – especially in the areas bordering with
Turkey.
7
Together with the Persians or the Iranian-speaking Talyshs, some of whom inhabit the border areas
of the southeast of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the shores of the Caspian Sea, especially in the
Lankaran region.
8
Together with the majority Iranian-speaking Gilaks and Persians, whose share is especially high in
the cities.
9
In both cases together with the Persians who are predominant in the cities.
10
It is appropriate to make mention here in a footnote of an important aspect of this study, namely
nomenclature and the transliteration of names, geographical features, names of cities etc. For the most
part, the established or most commonly used English transliterations have been chosen, but the matter
is more complicated in those cases where there is no available established practice. Because one of the
authors has knowledge of Turkish (Azerbaijani) and the other of Persian, they are able to make their
own transliterations of proper nouns based on phonetic equivalents in English pronunciation and
orthography, and these have in turn been adapted by the translator into English equivalents. In some
cases, when such a transliteration could be less clear or misleading, more usual transliterations have
been employed, including some from English-language sources.
11
James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group,
2002), 1765–66.
12
Riaux, “The Formative Years of Azerbaijani Nationalism in Post-Revolutionary Iran”, 46.