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Wharton (2003) discussed the semantic and pragmatic features of
interjections in a
showing-saying theoretical framework by attempting to answer
the following questions: (1) What do interjections communicate? (2) How do
interjections communicate? (3) Are interjections part of language? He seemed to
approach the dichotomous points of view of semanticists and pragmatic
researchers criticically by proposing a ‘showing’/’saying’ continuum for
interjections.
2.6.1. Turkish Interjections
Comprehensive linguistic analyses of interjections in Turkish linguistics
have not been done compared to the other parts of speech e.g. participles;
conjunctions (cf. Lewis, 1967). Büyükkantarcıoğlu (2006) stated that “in most
books written on Turkish grammar, interjections are explained rather briefly and
defined as emotive words or words of sudden remark” (p. 20).
In one of the earliest pivotal works on Turkish,
Él mens de langue turque
Viguier (1790) defines Turkish interjections as follows:
L'insertion dans le discours d'une expression courte & rapide, qui
peint les passions ou les mouvemens int rieurs, qui nonce en peu
de mots de sentimens d'admiration, de surprise, de joie, de
confiance, d'encouragement, de compassion, de douleur, de col re,
d'indignation, de crainte, de d sir, ou des voeux, qui est comme une
projection subite et interm diaire des affections de l'ame, se nomme
Interjection (p. 209-210).
(The inclusion in the speech short and quick expression, which
painted the interior passions or motions, which outlines briefly
sentiments of admiration, surprise, joy, confidence, encouragement,
compassion , pain, anger, indignation, fear, desire, or wish, which
is like a sudden projection and intermediate affections of the mind,
is called Interjection).
In his
Ottoman-Turkish Conversation Grammar, Hagopian (1907) gives a
definition of interjections as “words which are used to express a sudden or violent
motion of the mind” (p. 236). Parallel to Hagopian, Göksel and Kerslake (2005)
36
of the sentence:
O ! Ay! Eyva ! Beyefendi! Özgür! (Oh! Month!
Alas! Gentleman! Free!
).
With regards to the classification of the interjections, Deny (1921)
provided a classification of Turkish interjections.
Nous distinguerons deux sortes de particules exclamatives ou
interjections:
1. Les interjections
interpellatives qui servent a attirer l'attention de
l'interlocuteur pour l'appeler, l'interpeller, l'inciter a agir ou lui
montrer
un object;
2. Les interjections
affectives, de caract re subjectif, qui expriment
les affections de l'ame (sensations ou sentiments).
Cette distinction n'est pas absolument rigoureuse: une interjection
interpellative peut se nuancer d'une acception affective (p. 702).
(We distinguish two kinds of particles or exclamatory interjections:
1. Interpellative interjections which serve to draw the attention of
the listener, to encourage him to
act or show an object;
2. Emotional interjections of subjective character, which express
the affections of the mind (sensations and feelings).
This distinction is not absolutely rigorous by the fact that
interpellative interjection can qualify in an emotional sense.).
Büyükkantarcıoğlu (2006) categorized Turkish interjections as: (a)
cognitive, (b) emotive and (c) volitive interjections based on Wierzbicka’s (1992:
165) classification (p. 25).
As can be seen in Table 7, Turkish interjections are categorized according
to their reactive functions. Büyükkantarcıoğlu selected and analyzed secondary
interjections in Turkish such as
Hadi be!, Atma!, Yeme bizi! and
Olmadı!
.
She
investigated how those secondary interjections function in the discoursal context
pragmatically on the side of hearer during idea framing process.