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Long vowels are written in the IPA with a triangular colon which has two
equilateral triangles pointing at each other in place of dots: i:. Half-long vowels
are expressed like this: iˑ. Longer vowels are sometimes claimed, but these are
always divided between two syllables.
According to rules of phonology, a feature of a speech sound which
changes under
the influence of position, neighbouring speech sounds and other
external factors cannot be a minimal distinctive feature. It can only be an
incidental feature. Variations in the length of the English vowels are their
incidental features. The distinctively relevant features of the English vowels are
constituted by variations in their quality. Each of the English historically short
and long vowels is a separate phoneme, for which
there must be a separate
symbol in a phonemic transcription. Each of the historically long and short
vowel phonemes has not only allophones slightly differing from each other in
quality, but also quantitatively-different allophones.
V.A.Vassilyev states that the above-mentioned two English diphthongoids
are actually ideophones which are replaceable by the long monophthongs |i:, u:|,
respectively. There is something similar between V.A.Vassilyev’s ideophones |i:,
u:| and D.Jones’s notes about diphthongization of long English |u:| and |i:|. In his
“Outline” he writes: ”Many English people diphthongize slightly the sound |u:|,
especially when final. This diphthongization takes the form of a gradual increase
of the lip-rounding…It is better for foreign learners not to attempt to diphthongize
the English |u:|, because an exaggeration of the diphthong sounds incorrect”. He
says the same words in connection with the pronunciation
of the English vowel
|i:|.
It is necessary to note that of 12 RP English monophthongs four short ones
are limited in their use in syllables, namely the monophthongs |e|, |ʌ|, |æ|, |o|,
which do not occur at the end of words, in an open syllable. The neutral vowel
|ə| cannot be under stress. But the phonemic status of these vowels are proved
by such words in which the only differentiating feature is their opposition to
long vowels, as in:
bad-bard; cut-cart; cot-caught; Betty-better. The phonemic
status of |ə| is proved by opposing it to the unstressed |ı|, or even to long |i:|.
Traditional English phonics teaching often used the term “long vowel” for
any pronunciation at the preschool to first grade level that might result from the
addition of a silent e or other vowel letters.
It must be noted that in Middle English the long vowels /i:, e:, o:, u:, a:, ɔ:,
ɜ
:/ were generally written i..e, e..e, oo, o..e, u..e, ea, a..e. With the Great Vowel
Shift, they came to be pronounced /aı, i:, eı, oʊ, u:, aʊ. ea and oo are not called
long vowels today. They are digraphs. French influenced the language. The
letter /u/ was replaced with ou. It is no longer considered a long vowel either.
Long vowels of Modern English are those vowels
written with the help of a
silent e.
There is one other short vowel-ə. This central vowel is called schwa and is a
very familiar sound in English. It is heard in the first syllable of the words
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‘forgive’, ‘forbid’. It is different from the other vowels in several important
ways. [4]
A.C.Gimson writes: “The opposition between the members of the pairs is a
complex of quality and quantity; and of the two factors
it is likely that quality
carries the greater contrastive weight”. [3]
Vowel length may be traced to assimilation.
The length of the vowel is a grammatical abstraction. There may be more
phonologically distinctive lengths. There are five different physical lengths in
Finnish, because stress is marked with length on both grammatically long and
short vowels. Stress is not lexical in Finnish language and is always on the first
two moras. [5]
Some authors claim that phonemes can only be analysed from oppositions. If
we find a word which cannot be turned into another word or other words by
substitution of phonemes, it cannot be analysed into phonemes. [6]
We cannot imagine a word without vowels. But
there are many words such as
church, wyrm, worst in rhotic dialects of English, as in Canada and the United
States. These words are analysed by phoneticians as having no vowels, only a
syllabic consonant. Other analyze these words instead as having a rhotic vowel.
The difference may be partially one of dialect.
Any person is able to analyse into phonemes a new or an invented word
consisting of phonemes of his mother-tongue. Every day this is done without
looking for oppositions. Of course, we can make such an analysis. Because we
have met all the phonemes of our native
langue in many and varied
combinations.
ƏDƏBİYYAT
1. S.Babayev, M.Qarayeva English Phonology. Bakı, Maarif, 1999. s.17
2. Dəmirçizadə Ə. Müasir Azərbaycan dili. Bakı, 2007, s.38
3. Vassilyev V.A. English Phonetics. Moscow, 1970, s.202
4. Peter Roach Phonetics. English phonetics and phonology. Oxford University
Press 2008 st.116, s.16
5. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/vowels
6. Dickushina O.J. English Phonetics. Moscow, 1965, s.60
DILDƏ UZUN VƏ QISA SAITLƏR
XÜLASƏ
Səs uzunluğu bir çox dillərdə vacib faktorlardan biridir. Bəzi dillər sait
uzunluğun fonetik cəhətdən qəbul etmirlər. Bir çox dillər üçün üç sait səs
uzunluğu qrupu müəyyənləşdirilib. Ingilis dilinin bir çox dialektlərində
allofonik sait uzunluğu mövcuddur. Ingilis monoftonqları uzun və qısa olmaqla
iki qrupda cəmləşdirilir.Onlardan
beşi uzun, yeddisi qısa saitdir. Uzun saitlər
sözün istənilən yerində işlədilə bilər, əvvəlində, ortasında və sonunda, həm
qapalı, həm də açıq hecada. Fonologiyanın qaydalarına görə danışıq səsləri
qonşuluqda olan səslərin, xarici faktorların təsiri ilə dəyişə bilər. Sözləri