108
taken to require a treatment of ablaut as a three-place relation between forms
(or their vowels). However, I shall assume that the stem
SPRECHL'>SPRECHL
exhibits two
alternations (two-place each); in fact,
SPRECH1
has Id —>/a:/-altemation and
/e/—>/o/-altemation. The decomposition of three-place ablaut patterns into
two-place relations is an important step towards uncovering the system of
ablaut in German. As will be shown, the two alternations exhibited by
SPRECH
l
are the same (formally as well as functionally) as those alternations
that apply separately to
MESS
l
and
FECHTl ;
assuming two separate alternations
(that may combine) is a precondition for understanding how ablaut works.
2.2 Expression types
Not infrequently, forms of strong verbs may be distinguished only by their
stem vowels. E.g., the forms versprechen, versprachen, versprochen (of the
verb
VERSPRECHENW)
differ formally only in terms of the stem forms they
contain, which in their turn differ only with respect to their stem vowels. Thus,
to tell the difference between the verb forms in question it is differences be-
tween vowels that one has to rely on, and as far as these are concerned Marti-
net wrote in a classic contribution to the Manual of Phonetics (Martinet 1957:
263):13
The first thing, we might even say the only thing, we should expect from
the distinctive elements of a language is that they should not get confused
with one another. We may therefore suppose that they will tend to become
as different from one another as the speech organs involved, will allow; if
a language has only three vocalic phonemes, it is likely that the normal,
out of context, performance of these three phonemes will be close to i, u,
and a respectively, i.e. close to the most different vocalic sounds that the
organs of speech can produce.
Building on Martinet’s suggestion, one expects that such a triad of optimally
discernible vowels would be highly welcome when there are three forms to be
distinguished in terms of their vowels (as happens with the primary forms of
many strong verb stems), and indeed, the most frequent type of a three-vowel-
ablaut pattern in German is precisely /i/-/a/-/u/ (exemplified by binden in
Table l).14 That this is hardly an accident is confirmed by comparing so-called
13 Based on Martinet (1955); see there, page 62, Section 2.30, and page 151, Section 4.75,
on the ‘principle of maximal differentiation of phonemes’. Compare also Lindblom’s theory
of adaptive dispersion (Liljencrants & Lindblom 1972; for a summary see Lindblom &
Engstrand 1989: 112-114, with references).
14 Barnes & Esau (1973: 29) refer to “the need to maximize the contrast between the past
and present tenses” as a factor in the diachrony of ablaut. See also Ross (1967: 69) and
109
onomatopoetic ablaut as it occurs in such double or triple forms as
ritschratsch or
bimbambum (cf. Dt.Wb., s.v. “1”; Paul 1920: 180-181); some
are related to verbs, but not necessarily to strong verbs, cf. Mischmasch,
Singsang. Forms that combine reduplication with vowel alternation are often
considered so obviously prototypical for ablaut (or ‘apophony’) that they are
used in introducing the term itself (as in Hock & Joseph 1996: 169). Double
forms in German usually have /-«-alternation, triple forms are rare but usually
conform to the ideal case;* 15 the special position of the /i/-/a/-/u/-ablaut pat-
tem fits into the picture.
As regards the remaining three-vowel ablaut patterns of the third and
fourth class, the situation is not too different (see Table 1). All of these have
bases in front vowels (‘/-like vowels’, viz.
Ill, Id, leJ, /e:/), which alternate
with forms in open vowels (‘«-vowels’, Id, la:/), and forms in rounded back
vowels (‘«-like vowels’, viz. lul, h i, /o:/). It seems appropriate, then, to dis-
tinguish types of stem forms on this basis. I shall refer to stem forms such as
bind, sprech, stehl etc. as I-forms, and more generally I shall distinguish
I-forms, U-forms, and A-forms. Thus I introduce a classification of stem forms
according to vocalism, more specifically, according to vowel quality; diph-
thongs are integrated into qualitatively determined vowel series adapting the
analysis in Kohler (1995: 172). The classification is presented in Table 2 (next
page). These types of stem forms are defined in formal (expression-related)
terms, not in functional terms, and hence will be called expression types.
In addition, Table 2 introduces two more classifications that will be
needed in the following, namely a classification according to complexity
(monophthongal vs. diphthongal stem forms, i.e., stem forms containing mo-
nophthongs and diphthongs, respectively) and a classification according to
vowel quantity: stem forms containing long vowels or diphthongs are long
stem forms, stem forms containing short vowels are short stem forms.16
Ramat (1987: 324), with reference to Lejosne (1982), on ‘changes of polarity’ as a charac-
teristic of ablaut, and Kurytowicz on “[l]e principe de polarisation ou de distances maxi-
mum” (Kurytowicz 1956: 10 et passim). Cf. also Hansen (1964: 21).
15 With respect to German see Fleischer (1974: 235), for general discussion Mayerthaler
(1977: 46-53), and references listed there.
16 This is a system of classifications for stem forms based on stem vocalism (prefixes are
not relevant), not a classification of vowels. True, to propose such a system of classifica-
tions implies the assumption that the classifications relate in a reasonable way to properties
of vowels. However, no particular theory of (German) vocalism is presupposed. Consider
for instance the distinction between tong forms (forms that show tong vowels such as bieg,
fuhr, etc.) and short forms (forms that show short vowels such as
ritt, bund etc.). Whether
these expression types are eventually defined in terms of vowel length, vowel tenseness or
even syllable cut may be left open in the present context. Likewise a decision upon the