24
details of these accounts is uncertain, as both Plutarch and Dio could have made up Pompey‟s
words. Yet, the similarity of message and tone in Pompey‟s words suggests that either Dio
drew on Plutarch or both authors drew on a common source, directly or indirectly, which may
have reported Pompey‟s words. Indeed, the catchiness of the saying could have secured its
safe transmission in the sources, even if adapted in the translation from Latin to Greek. A
similar view may be taken about Pompey‟s memorable saying in the senate in the lead up to
the civil war, reported in Plutarch: „
“Ὅπου γὰρ ἄν,” ἔφη, “τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐγὼ κρούσω τῷ
ποδὶ τὴν γῆν, ἀναδύσονται καὶ πεζικαὶ καὶ ἱππικαὶ δυνάμεις.”‟ („“For,” said he, “in
whatever part of Italy I stamp upon the ground, there will spring up armies of foot and
horse.”‟)
58
These possible quotations of Pompey may seem unusually open-mouthed for a
man who was an expert in shielding his opinion from the public. Yet, Caelius Rufus, in a
letter to Cicero, quotes a probably genuine remark of Pompey in one of the senatorial debates
on Caesar‟s Gallic command, which suggests that Pompey was perfectly capable of making
such belligerent public statements: „quid si filius meus fustem mihi impingere volet?‟ („And
supposing my son chooses to take his stick to me?)‟
59
Pompey‟s remark was an assertion of
his auctoritas against that of Caesar. It caused quite a stir in the senate and beyond for its
indication of Pompey‟s limited patience with Caesar and thus potential for civil war, but
probably also for its curt style; two reasons for Caelius not only to report it to Cicero in
Cilicia, but even to quote it. In light of this citation, it seems not impossible that Pompey
58
Plut. Pomp. 57.5. Transl. Perrin (n. 55).
59
Cic. Fam. 8.8.9 (early October 51 BC). Transl. D.R. Shackleton Bailey, Cicero. Letters to
Friends 1-3 (Cambridge (Mass.), 2001). Lintott (n. 45), 269-70 discusses Pompey‟s remark
in its political context.
25
could have spoken in a similarly forceful way in the contio on Caesar‟s agrarian bill. When it
was expedient, Pompey could speak in a direct and unambiguous way.
Pompey‟s belligerent statements should perhaps be seen against the people‟s negative attitude
to Pompey, that is, if we are to trust Cicero. Cicero reports how Pompey‟s contional and
oratorical authority was dealt a blow in 59 B.C. when his coalition with Caesar and Crassus
had become unpopular:
Itaque ille noster amicus, insolens infamiae, semper in laude versatus, circumfluens gloria,
deformatus corpore, fractus animo quo se conferat nescit. progressum praecipitem,
inconstantem reditum videt. bonos inimicos habet, improbos ipsos non amicos. ac vide
mollitiem animi: non tenui lacrimas cum illum a.d. VIII Kal. Sext. vidi de edictis Bibuli
contionantem. qui antea solitus esset iactare se magnificentissime illo in loco summo cum
amore populi, cunctis faventibus, ut ille tum humilis, ut demissus erat, ut ipse etiam sibi, non
iis solum qui aderant, displicebat! o spectaculum uni Crasso iucundum, ceteris non item!
„So there is our poor friend [Pompey], unused to disrepute, his whole career disfigured in a
blaze of admiration and glory, now physically disfigured and broken in spirit, at his wit‟s end
for what to do. He sees the precipice if he goes on and the stigma of a turncoat if he turns
back. The honest men are his enemies, the rascals themselves are not his friends. See how
soft-hearted I am. I could not keep back my tears when I saw him addressing a public
meeting on 25 July about Bibulus‟ edicts. How magnificently he used to posture on that
platform in other days, surrounded by an adoring people, every man wishing him well! How
26
humble and abject he was then, what a sorry figure he cut in his own eyes, to say nothing of
his audience! What a sight! Only Crassus could enjoy it, not so others.‟
60
Gone were Pompey‟s natural dignitas and gravitas when speaking, if we are to believe
Cicero, and he may not have been very winning or persuasive in his addresses. The coalition
between himself, Caesar and Crassus had not helped increase his popularity, as it was seen to
be against tradition and fair play. The fact that Caesar now took most legislative bills directly
to the contio without prior senatorial consultation was seen by Cicero as an affront to the
senate‟s authority. We must therefore take Cicero‟s judgement of the overall unpopularity of
the coalition, and Pompey‟s unpopularity in particular, with a grain of salt. Nevertheless,
Pompey‟s problems of penetrating the senatorial elite after his return from the East were a
low point in his career, and Cicero may be right in his view that Pompey was not used to
unpopularity and was less effective in his oratorical addresses when speaking in adverse
situations. It had certainly been easier to capture an adoring audience with tales of his own
successes. His brusque expressions in support of Caesar‟s agrarian bill may be read as those
of a politician frustrated with the delay in securing his veterans their promised land, with the
unpopularity of his coalition with Caesar and Crassus, with their opposition, and, in
particular, with his own unpopularity.
Cicero‟s negative description of Pompey in the contio in 59 B.C. is contrasted with a more
positive evaluation of Pompey‟s speech in a contio in the summer of 57 B.C.: Huius oratio ut
60
Cic. Att. 2.21.3 (Rome, after 25 July 59 B.C.). Transl. Shackleton Bailey (n. 43). For the
unpopularity, in Cicero‟s mind, of the coalition of Pompey, Caesar and Crassus, see also Cic.
Att. 2.18.1, 2.19.2-3, 2.20.3-4 with Morstein-Marx (n. 2), 147, n. 147 and Lintott (n. 45), 170-
1.
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