The effects of modernization on filial piety in singapore
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Cronbach’s Alpha N of Items
- Schwartz: It is important to this person to always behave properly; to avoid doing
- Schwartz: Tradition is important to this person; to follow the customs handed
- Variable Group Statistic df Sig. Filial piety
- Education level
- Employment status
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A One-way ANOVA test was performed to investigate the influence of the respondents’ education levels on their filial piety scores. The outcomes showed that the effect of education level on filial piety was barely statistically significant with F (2, 1071) = 3.06, p = .047 = .05. The outcome would imply that a significant difference was found between the means of at least two levels of education. Despite a statistically significant outcome, the actual differences in mean scores between the education levels were very small with an effect size of .01 using η². Because the results of the test were statistically significant for p < .05, a Tukey’s Post Hoc test was used to compare the education levels. The Tukey HSD test revealed that there was no significant difference in the score on filial piety between any of the education levels. The means scores differed no more than .16, as can be seen in the graph below, so the differences were rather little. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
140 160
180 1 1,25 1,5 1,75 2 2,25 2,5 2,75 3 3,25 3,5 3,75 4 4,25 4,5 4,75 5 5,25 5,5 5,75 6 Distribution filial piety scores for education level Primary Secondary University 2,76
2,90 2,80
2 2,1
2,2 2,3
2,4 2,5
2,6 2,7
2,8 2,9
3 Primary
Secondary University Means Plot of Filial piety score for Education levels Mean score 19
The graph shows that secondary education level predicts the highest scores on filial piety. In line with the results of the One-way ANOVA, the difference between the mean scores of the education levels was not enough to be significant. This implies that attaining a higher education level would not predict statistically significant different mean scores on filial piety compared to lower education levels. In conclusion, these results suggest that education level cannot predict the score on filial piety. EMPLOYMENT STATUS There were 1083 respondents who answered the question regarding their employment status, among whom the median level was ‘’self-employed’’, ranging full time employment – other. The variable was divided into three groups: employed (N = 545), occupied (N = 498), and unemployed (N = 40). The graph below illustrates the distribution of scores on filial piety and shows how each employment status scored compared to the statuses. A One-way ANOVA test was performed to investigate whether of the respondents’ employment status can predict their score on filial piety. The outcomes showed that the effect of employment status on filial piety was statistically significant with F (2, 1080) = 6.28, p = .02. The outcome implies that a significant difference was found between the means of at least two employment statuses. Despite a statistically significant outcome, the actual differences in mean scores between the employment statuses were very small with an effect size of .01 using η². Because the results of the test were statistically significant for p < .05, a Tukey’s Post Hoc test was used to compare the employment statuses. The Tukey HSD test revealed that there is a significant difference in the score on filial piety between employed and occupied (p < .01). However, no statistically significant 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
140 160
180 1 1,25 1,5 1,75 2 2,25 2,5 2,75 3 3,25 3,5 3,75 4 4,25 4,5 4,75 5 5,25 5,5 5,75 6 Distribution filial piety scores for employment status Employed Occupied
Unemployed 20
differences were found between pairs of the other employment statuses. The means of each category are presented in the graph below. The graph shows that the employed group predicts the highest scores on filial piety. In line with the results of the One-way ANOVA, the difference between the mean scores of the employed group and the occupied group was .17, enough to be significant. However, the mean scores of the occupied group and the unemployed groups on filial piety was practically the same. This implies that an increase in the hours of work from an unemployed status to an occupied status would not predict statistically significant different mean scores on filial piety, but moving up to an employed status would lead to a statistically significant raise in the mean score on filial piety. In conclusion, the results suggest that employment status can predict the score on filial piety.
2,93
2,76 2,76
2 2,1
2,2 2,3
2,4 2,5
2,6 2,7
2,8 2,9
3 Employed
Occupied Unemployed Means Plot of Filial piety score for Employment status Mean score 21
DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS The results revealed some interesting findings on the expected predictors of filial piety. Three hypotheses were developed in line with the theory and previous research. Each hypothesis will be discussed hereafter. Age
Age is positively associated with higher scores on filial piety When looking at the first hypothesis, the results of the One-way ANOVA revealed a significant relationship for age as a predictor of the score on filial piety. Remarkably, the group of Singaporean women aged 38-57 years was found to be a statistically significant predictor of higher scores on filial piety than the older group of 58+ years. There was no statistically significant difference between the youngest age group 18-37 years and the group of 38-57 years. When relating these findings to the hypothesis, the results were not in line with the expectations. The oldest age group scored significantly lower on filial piety than any of the younger age groups, while the expectation was reversed. An explanation could be that the selected indicators for filial piety in the present study do not reflect properly upon age, but rather comply with values recognized among the younger age groups. For example, the value of obedience and proper behaviour could decline among older women, leading to lower scores on filial piety in the present study. In future research, taking into account the differences between age groups in the practice of filial piety could lead to other results that are more in line with previous research. Education Level
Concerning the second hypothesis, the results of the One-way ANOVA revealed a significant relationship for education level as a predictor of filial piety, but the outcome of the Tukey’s Post Hoc test implied no statistically significant differences between the levels. Taken together, the education level of Singaporean women was not found to be a predictor of filial piety, because of the similarity in the mean scores of each sublevel. When relating these findings to the hypothesis, the results were not in line with the expectations. The expected positive association between higher education levels and the score on filial piety, derived from the importance of moral values and attention for the development of filial piety in education. However, the modern practice of filial piety could have altered its conception in training compared to a decade ago. 22
Employment Status Hours of work are negatively associated with higher scores on filial piety Relating to the third hypothesis, the results of the One-way ANOVA revealed a significant relationship for employment Status as a predictor of filial piety. The employed status was found to be the predictor of the highest scores on filial piety compared to the occupied and unemployed statuses. When relating these findings to the hypothesis, the results were not in line with the expectations. The expectation of a negatively associated relationship between hours of work and filial piety turned out reversed in the present study. Previous research found that employment was very difficult to combine with practices of filial piety, so a lot of women chose to do either instead of both. An explanation for the results could be that the women who have their lives properly arranged and earn an income are more able to provide for others. The practical problems in this situation could be solved by unknown factors. It would seem very interesting to go more in-depth about these findings and about which factors could contribute to combining work and filial responsibilities. CONCLUSION
The present study attempted to set out theories on predictors of filial piety and examined whether these theories proved to be true with an existing dataset from the Word Values Survey, wave 2010-2014. The main research question was: ‘’to what extent do the age, education level and employment status of Singaporean women predict the degree of filial piety in 2010-2014?’’. In response, the One-way ANOVA revealed that age and employment status were statistically significant predictors of filial piety, but education level was not. More specifically, Singaporean women aged 38- 57 years with an employed status were statistically significant predictors of the highest scores on filial piety. These remarkable findings indicate that traditional perceptions of filial piety are practiced in modern times, where working women can succeed in both work and private life. Increased life expectancy, increased levels of education and increased labour force participation rates pose practical issues, which were addressed in the theory. The challenges are still ahead and relevant today. However, if there is a will, there is a way. That has proved to be true for women in the modern, ageing society of Singapore. With intergenerational understanding and compassion, a lot can be achieved. The most important message that can be derived from the present study is that the willingness of the middle-aged generation to care for elderly has not reduced, but that the state, society and family has to work together to honor the Asian tradition.
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APPENDIX Table 1 Reliability Statistics Cronbach’s Alpha N of Items 0.614
4 Table 2
Inter-Item Correlation Matrix Schwartz: It is important to help people living nearby; to care for their needs Schwartz: It is important to this person to always behave properly; to avoid doing anything people would say is wrong Schwartz: Tradition is important to this person; to follow the customs handed down by one’s religion or family Schwartz: Being successful is important to this person; to have people recognize one’s achievements Schwartz: It is important to help people living nearby; to care for their needs 1 0,305 0,327 0,325
Schwartz: It is important to this person to always behave properly; to avoid doing anything people would say is wrong 0,305
1 0,369
0,263 Schwartz: Tradition is important to this person; to follow the customs handed down by one’s religion or family 0,327
0,369 1 0,121 Schwartz: Being successful is important to this person; to have people recognize one’s achievements 0,325
0,263 0,121
1
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Table 3 Shapiro-Wilk Test of Normality Variable Group Statistic df Sig. Filial piety
0.978 1083 0.000
Age 18-37 years 0.984 427
0.000 38-57 years 0.976 396
0.000 58+ years 0.961 225
0.000 Education level Primary education 0.917 205
0.000 Secondary education 0.984 579
0.000 University level education 0.979 290
0.000 Employment status Employed 0.988 545
0.000 Occupied 0.961 498
0.000 Unemployed 0.925 40
0.011
Table 4 Skewness and Kurtosis values Variable Group Skewness Kurtosis Filial piety
0.978 1083 Age 18-37 years 0.300 0.393
38-57 years 0.465 1.046
58+ years 0.678 1.894
Education level Primary education 1.230 3.519
Secondary education 0.215 0.429
University level education 0.363 0.392
Employment status Employed 0.130 0.164
Occupied 0.702 1.724
Unemployed 1.168 3.267
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Histogram 1 Distribution of filial piety scores for Primary education level Histogram 2 Distribution of filial piety scores for Unemployed status 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 1 1,25 1,5 1,75 2 2,25 2,5 2,75 3 3,25 3,5 3,75 4 4,25 4,5 4,75 5 5,25 5,5 5,75 6 Histogram Primary education Filial piety 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 1,25 1,5 1,75 2 2,25 2,5 2,75 3 3,25 3,5 3,75 4 4,25 4,5 4,75 5 5,25 5,5 5,75 6 Histogram Unemployed Filial piety Yüklə 1,2 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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