u c h u n o ‘q u v c h i l a r n i abstraksiyani a m a l g a oshirish y o l v a
usullari b i l a n u zluksiz tan ish tirib b o r i s h kerak.
Y u q o r i d a a y t i l g a n l a r d a n t a s h q a r i , o ‘q u v c h i l a r d a
ab stra k siy a lash ja r a y o n i y o r d a m id a q i y m a t , so n , kenglik,
t e n g lik , u z u n l i k , k attalik , q a t t i q l i k , z i c h l i k , b a l a n d l i k ,
g e o m e t r i k s h a k l , t a n q id iy r e a l i z m , b o s i m , s o l i s h t i r m a
o g ki rlik , g e o g r a f i k t u s h u n c h a l a r t i z i m i k a b i a b s t r a k t
t u s h u n c h a l a r n i vujudga keltirish z a r u r .
In s o n n i abstraksiya o p eratsiya si b ila n q u ro lla n tirish —
u n i n g i n t e l l e k t u a l j i h a t d a n i n t e n s i v riv o jla n is h ig a o l i b
k e l i n a d i , s h u n i n g d e k , m u s t a q i l b i l i m o l i s h f a o l i y a t i
tak o m illa sh tirilad i.
U m u m lash tirish .
P s i x o l o g i y a d a u m u m l a s h t i r i s h
m u a m m o s i g a d o i r y a g o n a y o ' n a l i s h d a g i n a z a r i y a y o ‘q.
S h u n i n g u c h u n psixologlar b u j a r a y o n n i tu r l i c h a t a l q i n
qilad ila r, g o h o u n i g u ru h larg a b o ‘lib o ‘rg a nadilar. S h u
n i n g d e k , m a k t a b t a ’lim ini q a y s i u m u m l a s h t i r i s h u s u li
asosida a m a l g a oshirish t o ‘g ‘risid a h a m o l im l a r t u r l i c h a
fikrdadirlar. B a ’zi psixologlar t a ’l i m d a „ u m u m l a s h t i r i s h “
usulini n a z a r i y j i h a t d a n q o i l a b - q u w a t l a s a l a r ( S . L . R u b i n -
s h t e y n , V . V . D a v i d o v va b o s h q a l a r ) , a y r i m l a r i u m u m -
lash tirish n i h a m nazariy, h a m a m a l i y usulini q o ‘lla s h n i
tavsiya e t m o q d a l a r ( N . A . M e n c h i n s k a y a , D . N . B o g o y a v -
l e n s k i y ) . A m m o o ‘q u v f a o l i y a t i n i n g t u r l i - t u m a n l i g i ,
b i z n i n g c h a , d a r s j a r a y o n i d a h a r x il u m u m l a s h t i r i s h
u s u lla rid a n fo y d a la n ish kerakligini t a q o z o qiladi.
P sixologiyada u m u m la s h tiris h n in g ken g q o ‘llaniladigan
ikki turi: t u s h u n c h a l i u m u m l a s h t i r i s h v a h i s s iy - k o n k r e t
u m u m la s h tiris h yuzasidan k o ‘p r o q flk r yuritiladi. T u s h u n
chali u m u m la s h tiris h d a p r e d m e t la r obyek tiv m u h i m belgi
asosida u m u m la sh tirilad i. H is s i y - k o n k r e t u m u m la s h tiris h d a
esa p r e d m e t la r topshiriq talabiga k o ‘ra, tashqi belgi b ila n
u m u m la sh tirila d i. Psixologlar n o t o kg ‘ri u m u m la s h ti r i s h n in g
( N . A . M e n c h i n s k a y a , E . N . K a b a n o v a — M e l l e r ) h is s iy -
k on k re t u m u m la sh tiris h d a n farqi borlig in i h a m is h a ta 'k i d la b
k e l m o q d a l a r . 0 ‘q u v c h i b a ’z a n p r e d m e t l a r n i m u h i m
www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi
b o ‘lm agan belgisiga asoslanib n o to 'g 'r i um u m la sh tira d ila r,
vaholanki to p s h iriq shartida bu talab u la r oldiga m utla qo
qo'yilm aydi. A m m o b u nazariyaning him o y ach ilari n o to 'g 'ri
u m u m la sh tirish n i a l o h i d a tur deb h iso b la m a y d ila r ham .
U m u m l a s h t i r i s h d e g a n d a , p s i x o l o g i y a d a n a r s a va
h o d isalard a g i x o s s a , belgi, xususiyat, a l o m a t l a r n i to pish
va sh u u m u m i y l i k a so sid a ularni b irlashtirish tushuniladi.
M a s a la n , t e m i r , p o 'I a t, l a tu n , o l t in va b o s h q a l a r d a
m avjud b o 'l g a n o ‘xshashlik va u m u m i y belgilarni yagona
t u s h u n c h a o s ti d a t o ‘p lab, uni „ m e t a ll “ d e g a n ibora bilan
n o m la s h im iz ; s h u n i n g d e k , qish, b a h o r , y o z v a kuzni „fasl“
deg a n t u s h u n c h a o r q a li ifodalash m u m k i n . In s o n n in g yosh
d a v r i x u s u s i y a t i d a g i u m u m i y b e l g i l a r h i s o b g a o l i n i b ,
„ o ‘s m i r “ , „ o ' s p i r i n “ , „ye tuk kishi“ , „ k e k s a “ singari a ta -
m a la r ishlatiladi.
U m u m l a s h t i r i s h a b s t r a k s i y a l a s h o p e r a t s i y a s i d a n
ajralgan h o l d a s o d i r b o 'l m a y d i , h a r q a n d a y u m u m la s h tiris h
a s o sid a a b s t r a k s i y a l a s h ja ra y o n i y o t a d i . A m m o u m u m
lashtirish j a r a y o n i abstraksiyasiz m av ju d b o 'lis h i m u m k in .
A g a r a b s t r a k s i y a l a s h fa o liy a tid a n a r s a va h o d i s a l a r n i n g
o 'x s h a s h h a m d a m u h i m belgilari ta s o d i f belg ilarid an fikran
ajratib o linsa, u m u m la s h ti r i s h d a ajratib o lin g a n o 'x s h a s h ,
u m u m iy va m u h i m belgilarga s u y a n g a n h o ld a n a rs a va
h o d is a la r b irla s h tirila d i.
B o sh q a fik r y u r itis h operatsiyalari kabi u m u m la s h tiris h
h a m s o ‘z, n u t q y o r d a m i d a ro 'y o b g a c h i q a d i . T a ’kidlab
o ‘tilganidek, h a r q a n d a y s o 'z o lz o 'r n i g a q a r a b u m u m la s h -
tiriladi. J u m l a d a n , „ d a r a x t “ degan s o ‘z q o l l a n i l d i , deb faraz
qilaylik, u n d a b iz turli daraxtlarga bevosita a l o q a d o r b o 'l g a n
iborani aks e ttirg an b o 'la m iz . Yoinki „ ta la b a “ deg a n a ta m a n i
ishlatish b ila n t u rli kurs, har xil fa kultet va b a r c h a oliy
o ‘q u v y u r t i d a t a h s i l o l a y o t g a n y o s h l a r n i b i r l a s h t i r i b
ifodalagan b o 'l a m i z .
U m u m l a s h t i r is h j a ra y o n i s o 'z t a ’sirida vujudga kelgan
ikkinchi s i g n a l l a r t i z i m i g a a s o s l a n a d i . A k a d e m ik I.P.P avlov
fik rich a , n u t q s i g n a l l a r i tufayli n e rv f a o liy a tin in g yangi
272
www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi
Dostları ilə paylaş: |