Stry of higher and secondary specialized education of the republic of uzbekistan termez state university

CHAPTER II MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION TERMINOLOGY IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

2.1. Construction terminology as a layer of modern English terminological vocabulary

The centuries-old human culture is associated with the development of the construction business, which is one of the manifestations of human labor. Since man appeared, labor appeared, construction appeared, in the process of which man subjugates nature, imprints on it the stamp of his will, his mind³⁸. The life of mankind since the appearance of Homo sapiens is inextricably linked with the construction of all kinds of structures - housing, roads, cultural and industrial facilities. Over the millennia, people have accumulated knowledge and experience, developed the technique and culture of construction, improved the tools of their labor - from the rough stone products of primitive people to the complex computerized mechanisms of our time³⁹.

The history of construction is a history of discovery. Each stage of construction development has its own discoveries. For example, to do without a staircase in construction, as it was in Ancient Egypt, is an outstanding discovery, a cunning of the mind. Construction methods go through a long evolutionary path. Together with them, the terminology in the field of construction also arises, which also undergoes changes as new concepts appear. What is familiar to us now was a revelation in its time. Many ancient methods of construction, changed beyond recognition, still live, although we do not notice this⁴⁰. For example, clay stucco is the oldest way of building walls. Currently, houses are being built from more modern building materials.

In the ancient epochs of the development of civilization, caves served as dwellings for people, therefore, words expressing types of dwelling were not abundant. Due to certain climatic conditions, it became necessary to build dwellings from reed, as, for example, in Asia and Africa, and in European settlements, dugouts were more common. Of course, the tools that people used to build such dwellings were also very primitive - various hewn flat plates of hard stone, double-sided sharp stone tools, clay. Reed, manure, plant materials were often used.

Over the course of many millennia, mankind, accumulating experience in production activities, has improved technology and developed a culture of construction. Therefore, the construction business must be considered in close connection with the development of the manufacture of tools of labor, with a change in the nature and direction of the production activity of people⁴¹. Fundamental changes in construction equipment took place in the 5-6 thousand years BC. in connection with the discovery of a method for the extraction and processing of metal. Iron gradually became the main material of construction technology, mathematical sciences developed rapidly, which contributed to the manufacture of more complex technical structures. Various variants of masonry appear, some of which are still in use today. Thanks to the development of architecture and tools, it became possible to erect grandiose structures in Egypt, Central Asia, and India. However, the technical devices remained simple - the key role in the construction was played by living forces - most often slaves, who worked stone blocks with primitive metal tools. The main mechanisms used at that time were wooden rollers, levers, lifting mechanisms. Despite the scale of such structures, the schemes of their work were very simple. As a rule, bulky construction equipment was manufactured at the construction site, and after completion of construction, it was disassembled into components or destroyed. At the same time, most of the living quarters were built very primitively - from unbaked clay and reed⁴².

The construction of cranes became possible in the XIV-XV centuries. this is due to the rapid development of mechanics, based on the theoretical works of I. Newton and his followers, with the emergence of various winch and block designs. Slewing, jib and chain cranes, usually driven by horses, began to appear in Europe. In connection with the industrial development of Europe, crane construction began to develop rapidly - especially after the invention of the steam engine in 1763⁴³.

In the III-II century. BC. Concrete was invented and was widely used in road construction in the Roman Empire. Due to the strength of concrete, many architectural structures of that time have survived to this day. Also, even in Antiquity, reinforcement was used to increase the strength of structures. All these changes were recorded in the lexical composition of the corresponding languages.

The fall of the Roman Empire had an extremely negative impact on the level of development of building art; much knowledge has been forgotten. Despite the fact that in the North African and Asian countries the construction was carried out quite intensively, technologically these processes did not differ from the buildings of centuries ago. In Europe, due to the small number of European states of that time and the strong dependence on the availability of labor, all large-scale construction was carried out over a very long time. The main objects that were built in the 4th-12th centuries were somehow connected with the protection of territories and with religion, and the development of building crafts and technology practically did not occur.

The revival of European architecture began in the XV-XVII centuries, which is associated with an increase in living standards and the development of factory production. The main material is stone, processed with metal tools. The pulling power of animals, mainly horses, is widely used. Various construction mechanisms begin to develop and improve - cranes, a little later - excavators, tractors, rollers, dump trucks⁴⁴. The development of the construction business, in addition to mathematics, mechanics, physics, philosophy and other sciences, was greatly influenced by political, economic and other factors. Having passed through many millennia, from the Stone Age to the present day, construction, continuously improving, has reached a high level of development⁴⁵.

The above development of the construction industry, as well as the history of the formation of construction terminology by A.N. Pismichenko divided into three periods. In England, according to A.N. Pismichenko, there were three periods of formation and development of construction terminology:

1st period - from 1900 to 1938; bulldozer — the current sense of machine for clearing or revealing came in 1930⁴⁶.

2nd period - from 1938 to 1950; "Expressway" - 1945, from earlier highway⁴⁷.

3rd period - from 1950 to the present; "Nanomachine" - first known use of this word in 1986⁴⁸. We believe that this periodization is given in accordance with the scientific periodization of the development of construction terminology, since in the conditions of the technical revolution of the 19th century. construction was combined with architecture (until the middle of the 19th century, these spheres were separated and studied separately - architecture was considered a science, and construction was a craft)⁴⁹. In our opinion, there is also a pre-scientific period of the formation of construction terminology. As C.B. Grinev-Grinevich, quite rightly notes the pre-scientific period is characterized by the existence of special knowledge in the form of crafts, hunting, fishing, religion, etc. Since the main feature of special vocabulary is considered to be its thematic specificity of use, and terminology verbalizes the concepts of certain special areas of knowledge, then the origins of the emergence of special vocabulary can be rightfully correlated with the period of the emergence of pro-scientific knowledge, and, therefore, the emergence of special vocabulary, which in the future is to develop into a terminological system, is preceded by the beginning of the history of science⁵⁰. We believe that the origin of the construction business took place since ancient times, because the ancient people had the need to build dwellings to shelter from the weather and wild animals. If we analyze the emergence of such a key term in construction as "construct" - the sense of building, putting together appeared probably before 1425⁵¹, or the term "bridge" - a structure built over a river, road, etc ... Before 1114⁵², we will see that the terms used in construction began to appear even before the 10th century, so we believe that construction terminology began its inception even before the 19th century. And the XIX century. for construction terminology is a turning point, since the formation of a given subject area falls precisely on this time period.

The modern English-language terminology of construction and construction technologies directly correlates with the branch of knowledge "construction and construction industry" and is a formed layer of specialized vocabulary, which makes it possible to highlight the sources of its formation, the specificity and originality of the structural-semantic organization. Researchers quite reasonably believe that English construction terminology was fully formed in the middle of the 20th century. in the process of language development and as a result of the selection of language means for performing a special and socially significant function of scientific and technical communication in the considered applied specialized field⁵³.