Derrida, Jaques [1997 (1967)]: Of Grammatology
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- Part II: Chapter 1
ordinarily symbolize the flow of words. This sign being used for ‘good discourses,’ it is supposed that the reader will only retain the adjective and forget the idea of discourse” (EP, pp. 10—11) . 41.EP, p. 12. 42.EP, p. 16. Here Métraux schematically summarizes the results of [Thomas] Barthel’s
43.Gernet, « La Chine, Aspects et fonctions psychologiques de l’écritures, » in EP, pp. 32 and 38. Italics added. Cf. also Granet, La pensée chinoise ([Paris], 195o), chap. I. 44.Questioning by turns the logico-grammatical structures of the West (and first - Aristotle’s list of categories), showing that no correct description of Chinese writing can tolerate it, Fenollosa recalled that Chinese poetry was essentially a script. He re-marked, for example: “Should we pass formally into the study of Chinese poetry, .. . we should beware of English
adjectives. We should seek and at least bear in mind the verbal undertone of each noun. We should avoid the ‘is’ and bring in a wealth of neglected English verbs. Most of the existing translations violate all of these rules. The development of the normal transitive sentence rests upon the fact that one action in nature promotes another; thus the agent and the object are secretly verbs. For example, ((335)) our sentence, ‘Reading promotes writing,’ would be expressed in Chinese by three full verbs. Such a form is the equivalent of three expanded clauses and can be drawn out into adjectival, participial, infinitive, relative or conditional members. One of many possible examples is, ‘If one reads it teaches him how to write.’ Another is, ‘One who reads becomes one who writes.’ But in the first condensed form a Chinese would write, ‘Read promote write.’ “ “L’écriture chinoise considerée comme art poétique,” tr. fr., Mesures (Oct. 1937), no. 4, p. 135 [English original, “The Chinese Written Character as A Medium for Poetry,” included in Ezra Pound, Instigations (New York, n.d.), pp. 383-84]. 45. Naturally we cannot think of describing here the infinite mass of factual content that we name in this paragraph. In an indicative and preliminary way, I cite the follow-ing works, all with important bibliographies: James Février, Marcel Granet, Marcel Cohen, Madeleine V.- David, op. cit. Cf. also Alfred Métraux, article cited, EP, p. 19 (see the comments of Germaine Dierterlen, p. 19 and Marcel Cohen, p. 27) ; Jacques Gernet, article cited, pp. 29, 33, 37, 38, 43; Jean Sainte Fare Garnot, « Les hieroglyphes, l’évolution des écritures égyptiennes » EP,
égéenne, » « Les écritures crétoises et mycéniennes, » EP, p. 99. Emmanuel Laroche, « L’Asie mineure, les Hittites, peuple double écriture, » EP, pp. 105-11, 113. Maxime Rodinson, « Les sémites et l’alphabet, » « Les écritures sudarabiques et éthiopéennes, » EP, pp. 136-45. Jean Filliozat, « Les écritures
indiennes, » « Le monde indien et son système graphique, » EP, p. 148. Henri Lévy-Bruhl, « L’écriture et le droit, » EP, pp. 325-33. See also EP, « Confrontations et conclusions, » pp. 335 f.
1.In Structural Anthropology. Cf. also « Introduction a l’oeuvre de Marcel Mauss, » (op. Cit.), p. 35. 2.It is especially Tristes Tropiques, all through that “Writing Lesson” (chap. 18) whose theoretical substance is to be found also in the second of the “Entretiens avec Claude Lévi- Strauss,” G. Charbonnier, “Primitifs et civilisés,” [Les lettres nouvelles 10 (1961), pp. 24— 33; translated as Conversations with Claude Lévi-Strauss, by John and Doreen Weightman (London, 1969), pp. 21-311. It is also Structural Anthropology (“Problems of Method and Teaching,” particularly in the chapter speaking of the “criterion of authenticity,” p. 400 [p. 363] ) . Finally, less directly, The Savage Mind, the part seductively entitled “Time Recaptured.” 3.The Savage Mind, p. 327 [p. 247], cf. also p. 169 [p. 127]. 4. »Jean-Jacques Rousseau, fondateur des sciences de l’homme, » p. 240. It deals with a lecture included in the volume Jean-Jacques Rousseau—La Baconnière--1962. A theme dear to Merleau-Ponty is recognizable here: the work of anthropology realizes the imaginary variation in search of the essential invariant. 5.The idea of an originarily figurative language was pretty widespread at this time; it is to be found particularly in Warburton and in Condillac, whose influence on Rous-seau is massive in this area. As for Vico: Bernard Gagnebin and Marcel Raymond have asked in connection with the Essay on the Origin of Languages, if Rousseau had not read the Scienza Nuova when he was Montaigu’s secretary in Venice. But if Rousseau and Vico both affirm the metaphoric nature of primitive languages, Vico alone attributes to them this divine origin, also the theme of disagreement between Condillac and Rousseau. Moreover, Vico is one of the rare believers, if not the only believer, in the contemporaneity of origin between writing and speech: “Philologists [Derrida’s version would incorrectly read “philosophers”] have believed that among the nations languages first came into being and then letters; whereas . . . letters and languages were born twins and proceeded apace through all their three stages” (Scienza
Harold Fisch (Ithaca, 1968), p. 21]. Cassirer does not hesitate to affirm that Rousseau has “summarized” in the Essay Vico’s theories on Language (Philosophie der symbolischen ((336))
Formen [(Berlin, 1923–29; translated as The Philosophy of Symbolic Form, by Ralph Manheim (New Haven, 1953 )], I, I, 4) Yüklə 2,36 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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